ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2011
Trends in mortality from 1965 to 2008 across the English north-south divide: comparative observational study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
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- "Power, control, strain": Lay perceptions of health inequalities across England's 'North South divide'.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and deprivation amplification: An ecological study of geographical inequalities in mortality in England.Health & place · 2022Article
- Residents' Perceptions of a Community-Led Intervention on Health, Well-Being, and Community Inclusion Through Photovoice.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2021Article
- Implementation of a "real-world" learning health system: Results from the evaluation of the Connected Health Cities programme.Learning health systems · 2021Article
- Inequalities in health-related quality of life: repeated cross-sectional study of trends in general practice survey data.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2021Article
- Rural-urban scaling of age, mortality, crime and property reveals a loss of expected self-similar behaviour.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2020Observational
- Descriptive epidemiology of energy expenditure in the UK: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008-15.International journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Equal North: how can we reduce health inequalities in the North of England? A prioritization exercise with researchers, policymakers and practitioners.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2019Article
- Do population-level risk prediction models that use routinely collected health data reliably predict individual risks?Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Relationship between prescribing of antibiotics and other medicines in primary care: a cross-sectional study.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2019Article
- Disparities in mortality among 25-44-year-olds in England: a longitudinal, population-based study.The Lancet. Public health · 2018Article
- Increasing socioeconomic gap between the young and old: temporal trends in health and overall deprivation in England by age, sex, urbanity and ethnicity, 2004-2015.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2018Article
- Article
- Social determinants of male health: a case study of Leeds, UK.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Article
- North-South disparities in English mortality1965-2015: longitudinal population study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2017Article
- Healthier central England or North-South divide? Analysis of national survey data on smoking and high-risk drinking.BMJ open · 2017Article
- Predictors of and reasons for attempts to reduce alcohol intake: A population survey of adults in England.PloS one · 2017Article
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Abstract
objectiveTo compare all cause mortality between the north and south of England over four decades.
designPopulation wide comparative observational study of mortality.
settingFive northernmost and four southernmost English government office regions. POPULATION: All residents in each year from 1965 to 2008.
main outcome measuresDeath rate ratios of north over south England by age band and sex, and northern excess mortality (percentage of excess deaths in north compared with south, adjusted for age and sex and examined for annual trends, using Poisson regression).
resultsDuring 1965 to 2008 the northern excess mortality remained substantial, at an average of 13.8% (95% confidence interval 13.7% to 13.9%). This geographical inequality was significantly larger for males than for females (14.9%, 14.7% to 15.0% v 12.7%, 12.6% to 12.9%, P<0.001). The inequality decreased significantly but temporarily for both sexes from the early 80s to the late 90s, followed by a steep significant increase from 2000 to 2008. Inequality varied with age, being higher for ages 0-9 years and 40-74 years and lower for ages 10-39 years and over 75 years. Time trends also varied with age. The strongest trend over time by age group was the increase among the 20-34 age group, from no significant northern excess mortality in 1965-95 to 22.2% (18.7% to 26.0%) in 1996-2008. Overall, the north experienced a fifth more premature (<75 years) deaths than the south, which was significant: a pattern that changed only by a slight increase between 1965 and 2008.
conclusionInequalities in all cause mortality in the north-south divide were severe and persistent over the four decades from 1965 to 2008. Males were affected more than females, and the variation across age groups was substantial. The increase in this inequality from 2000 to 2008 was notable and occurred despite the public policy emphasis in England over this period on reducing inequalities in health.
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