ArticlePediatrics2011
Ambulatory visit rates and antibiotic prescribing for children with pneumonia, 1994-2007.
Article in Pediatrics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic value of signs, symptoms and diagnostic tests for diagnosing pneumonia in ambulant children in developed countries: a systematic review.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Susceptibility to Childhood Pneumonia: A Genome-Wide Analysis.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2017Trial
- Article
- Urine Metabolites of Suspected Community-Acquired Pneumonia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Antibiotics for Paediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia: What is the Optimal Course Duration?Paediatric drugs · 2025Review
- Guideline-Concordant Antibiotic Use in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia.Hospital pediatrics · 2025Article
- Outpatient Antibiotic Use and Treatment Failure Among Children With Pneumonia.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Cost of Pediatric Pneumonia Episodes With or Without Chest Radiography.Hospital pediatrics · 2024Article
- Incidence of non-invasive all-cause pneumonia in children in the United States before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a retrospective claims database analysis.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2023Article
- Validation of Prediction Models for Pneumonia Among Children in the Emergency Department.Pediatrics · 2022Article
- Does procalcitonin have clinical utility in the management of paediatric community-acquired pneumonia? A PRO/CON debate.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2021Review
- Article
- Antibiotic Choice and Clinical Outcomes in Ambulatory Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia.The Journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Diagnostic Testing and Antibiotic Use in Young Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States, 2008-2015.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2020Article
- Antibiotic Use and Outcomes in Children in the Emergency Department With Suspected Pneumonia.Pediatrics · 2020Article
- Ambulatory Antibiotic Prescribing for Children with Pneumonia After Publication of National Guidelines: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2020Article
- Vaccination Status and Resource Use During Hospital Visits for Respiratory Illnesses.Pediatrics · 2019Article
- Emergency Department Management of Bronchiolitis in the United States.Pediatric emergency care · 2019Article
- Global Distribution of Invasive Serotype 35D Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates following Introduction of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe incidence of pediatric hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has declined after the widespread use of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The national incidence of outpatient visits for CAP, however, is not well established. Although no pediatric CAP treatment guidelines are available, current data support narrow-spectrum antibiotics as the first-line treatment for most patients with CAP.
objectiveTo estimate the incidence rates of outpatient CAP, examine time trends in antibiotics prescribed for CAP, and determine factors associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for CAP. PATIENTS AND
methodsThe National Ambulatory and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (1994-2007) were used to identify children aged 1 to 18 years with CAP using a validated algorithm. We determined age group-specific rates of outpatient CAP and examined trends in antibiotic prescribing for CAP. Data from 2006-2007 were used to study factors associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing.
resultsOverall, annual CAP visit rates ranged from 16.9 to 22.4 per 1000 population, with the highest rates occurring in children aged 1 to 5 years (range: 32.3-49.6 per 1000). Ambulatory CAP visit rates did not change between 1994 and 2007. Antibiotics commonly prescribed for CAP included macrolides (34% of patients overall), cephalosporins (22% overall), and penicillins (14% overall). Cephalosporin use increased significantly between 2000 and 2007 (P = .002). Increasing age, a visit to a nonemergency department office, and obtaining a radiograph or complete blood count were associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing.
conclusionsThe incidence of pediatric ambulatory CAP visits has not changed significantly between 1994 and 2007, despite the introduction of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2000. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, particularly macrolides, were frequently prescribed despite evidence that they provide little benefit over penicillins.
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