ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2011
Estriol generates tolerogenic dendritic cells in vivo that protect against autoimmunity.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting hormone treatment for the brain in menopause.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immune tolerance platforms to mitigate unwanted immune responses.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Maternal-fetal dialogue and immunological programming: from fetal development to long-term health outcomes.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Interaction between the breast tumor microenvironment and gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Sex Bias in Autoimmunity: New Findings and New Opportunities.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2025Review
- Tolerogenic antigen-specific vaccine induces VISTA-enriched regulatory T cells and protects against arthritis in DRB1∗04:01 mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Hepatic immune regulation and sex disparities.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
- Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Are Gender Differences Important for Autoimmune Liver Diseases?Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Impact of Microbiota-Immunity-Hormone Interactions on Autoimmune Diseases and Infection.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- The Influence of Sex Hormones and X Chromosome in Immune Responses.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Review
- Immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Sex Hormones as Key Modulators of the Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Review
- Sex bias in lymphocytes: Implications for autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: Protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Mifepristone inhibited the expression of B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4 and PD-L2 in adenomyosis.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2021Article
- Paving the way towards an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis: advances in cell therapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to numerous diseases, and regulation of inflammation is crucial for disease control and resolution. Sex hormones have potent immunoregulatory abilities. Specifically, estrogen influences immune cells and inflammation, which contributes to the sexual dimorphism of autoimmunity and protection against disease seen during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although long thought to act primarily on T cells, recent evidence demonstrated that myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), are essential in mediating estrogen's protective effects. Estriol (E3), a pregnancy-specific estrogen, has therapeutic efficacy in MS and EAE, and we evaluated whether E3 could act exclusively through DCs to protect against the inflammatory autoimmune disease EAE. Levels of activation markers (CD80 and CD86) and inhibitory costimulatory markers (PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H3, and B7-H4) were increased in E3 DCs. E3 DCs had decreased proinflammatory IL-12, IL-23, and IL-6 mRNA expression, increased immunoregulatory IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression, and a decreased ratio of IL-12/IL-10 protein production. Importantly, transfer of E3 DCs to mice prior to active induction of EAE protected them from developing EAE through immune deviation to a Th2 response. This protection was apparent, even in the face of in vitro and in vivo inflammatory challenge. In summary, our results showed that E3 generates tolerogenic DCs, which protect against the inflammatory autoimmune disease EAE. Targeted generation of tolerogenic DCs with immunomodulatory therapeutics, such as E3, has potential applications in the treatment of numerous autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.