ArticleBMC public health2011
Is income or employment a stronger predictor of smoking than education in economically less developed countries? A cross-sectional study in Hungary.
Article in BMC public health, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Socioeconomic Variation in Tobacco Smoking Among the Adult Population in Ireland.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among people living with HIV in Zambia: Findings from a 2023 National NCD/HIV Survey.PloS one · 2025Article
- Smoking Prevalence and Correlates among Chinese Immigrants: A Secondary Data Analysis Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in Turkey from 2008 to 2016.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Barriers to Cigarette Smoking Cessation in Pakistan: Evidence from Qualitative Analysis.Journal of smoking cessation · 2021Article
- Current and past smoking patterns in a Central European urban population: a cross-sectional study in a high-burden country.BMC public health · 2016Article
- Tobacco Control in Turkey.Turkish thoracic journal · 2015Article
- Social Inequality in Cigarette Consumption, Cigarette Dependence, and Intention to Quit among Norwegian Smokers.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking habits are still increasing in Italy.BMC public health · 2014Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in current daily smoking in five Turkish regions.International journal of public health · 2014Article
- Alcohol, betel-nut and cigarette consumption are negatively associated with health promoting behaviors in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2013Article
- Dyadic coping among couples with COPD: a pilot study.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2012Article
- Nicotine dependence and psychological distress: outcomes and clinical implications in smoking cessation.Psychology research and behavior management · 2011Article
- Dyadic coping, quality of life, and psychological distress among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and their partners.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2011Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn developed European countries in the last phase of the smoking epidemic, education is a stronger predictor of smoking than income or employment. We examine whether this also applies in economically less developed countries.
methodsData from 7218 respondents in the 25-64 age group came from two National Health Interview Surveys conducted in 2000 and 2003 in Hungary. Independent effects of educational level, income and employment status were studied in relation to smoking prevalence, initiation and continuation for all age groups combined and separately for 25-34, 35-49 and 50-64 years old. Absolute levels were evaluated by using age-standardized prevalence rates. Relative differences were assessed by means of logistic regression.
resultsEducation and income, but not employment, were associated with equally large differences in smoking prevalence in Hungary in the 25-64 age group. Among men, smoking initiation was related to low educational level, whereas smoking continuation was related to low income. Among women, low education and low income were associated with both high initiation and high continuation rates. Considerable differences were found between the age groups. Inverse social gradients were generally strongest in the youngest age groups. However, smoking continuation among men had the strongest association with low income for the middle-aged group.
conclusionsPatterns of inequalities in smoking in Hungary can be best understood in relation to two processes: the smoking epidemic, and the additional effects of poverty. Equity orientated tobacco control measures should target the low educated to prevent their smoking initiation, and the poor to improve their cessation rates.
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