Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2011
The timing and duration of a sensitive period in human flavor learning: a randomized trial.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sensitive Periods in Early Flavor Learning
Sensitive Periods in Human Flavor Learning
Impact of Diet Composition on Energy Balance and Satiety During Infancy
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- WITHDRAWN: Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease and food allergy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease and food allergy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Effectiveness of an Intervention to Prevent Ultra-Processed Foods and Added Sugar in the First Year of Life: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial in Brazil.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025Trial
- Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Trial
- Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial of lactating mothers and infants.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2017Trial
- Effects of cow milk versus extensive protein hydrolysate formulas on infant cognitive development.Amino acids · 2016Trial
- Sensitive period in flavor learning: effects of duration of exposure to formula flavors on food likes during infancy.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2012Trial
- Infant regulation of intake: the effect of free glutamate content in infant formulas.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2012Trial
- Article
- Infant feeding-a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.Food & nutrition research · 2024Article
- Feeding characteristics in infancy affect fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety in early childhood.Nutrition research and practice · 2023Article
- A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Food Perceptions, Food Preferences, Diet Quality, and Health in a Food Desert Campus.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Comparative Investigation of Conventional and Innovative Headspace Extraction Methods to Explore the Volatile Content of Human Milk.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Synbiotic containing extensively hydrolyzed formula improves gastrointestinal and atopic symptom severity, growth, caregiver quality of life, and hospital-related healthcare use in infants with cow's milk allergy.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022Article
- Towards a More Sustainable Nutrition: Complementary Feeding and Early Taste Experiences as a Basis for Future Food Choices.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Patterns of Complementary Feeding Behaviors Predict Diet Quality in Early Childhood.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Olfactory Cues in Infant Feeds: Volatile Profiles of Different Milks Fed to Preterm Infants.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Article
- Stability in the Face of Change: Lifelong Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Sensory Cortex.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBy using the response to protein hydrolysate formula (PHF) as a model system, we discovered the existence of a sensitive period, before 4 mo, when exposure determines the hedonic tone to flavors.
objectiveWe aimed to characterize the timing and duration of this sensitive period.
designHealthy infants, whose parents had chosen formula feeding, were randomly assigned into 1 of 6 groups at age 0.5 mo: 2 control groups, one fed cow milk-based formula (CMF) and the other fed PHF for 7 mo; 2 groups fed PHF for either 1 or 3 mo beginning at 1.5 mo and CMF otherwise; and 2 groups fed PHF for 1 mo beginning at either 2.5 or 3.5 mo and CMF otherwise. Brief access taste tests were conducted monthly, and complete "meals" of both formulas occurred at the end of the study.
resultsThree months of PHF exposure led to acceptance similar to that at 1 mo of exposure. Although these infants were more accepting than were infants with no exposure, they were less accepting than were infants with 7 mo of exposure, which suggests a dosing effect. The time when flavor experiences began was also significant. Among infants exposed to PHF for 1 mo, those who were first fed PHF at 3.5 mo rejected PHF relative to CMF more than did infants exposed at younger ages.
conclusionThe general principles observed are likely of broader significance, indicating a fundamental feature of mammalian development and reflecting the importance of familiarizing infants with flavors that their mothers consume and transmit to breast milk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00994747.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.