ArticleNature2011
Co-adjuvant effects of retinoic acid and IL-15 induce inflammatory immunity to dietary antigens.
Article in Nature, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 212 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
212 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 389 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- A double blind randomized controlled trial in neonates to determine the effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune responses: The Gambia protocol.BMC pediatrics · 2014Trial
- Dietary gluten triggers concomitant activation of CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells and γδ T cells in celiac disease.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Trial
- Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- Metabotherapy for intestinal disease: using metabolites to prevent and treat disorders of the gut.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Targeted enzymatic therapy for coeliac disease.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- The long noncoding RNA lnc13 restrains inflammatory responses to maintain oral tolerance to gluten.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Inhibiting LSD1 unlocks retinoid AP-1 programming to activate epithelial immunity and skin tumor suppression.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic CD4Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Immune cell dynamics and mechanisms of epithelial injury in celiac disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dendritic Cells in the Gastrointestinal System: Division of Labor, Plasticity, and Niche-Specific Adaptation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Gut mucosal immune responses - Implications for celiac disease and food allergy.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- A dendritic cell population responsible for transglutaminase 2-mediated gluten antigen presentation in celiac disease.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Vitamin and trace elements imbalance are very common in adult patients with newly diagnosed Celiac disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Vitamin A is necessary for acquisition, but not for expression or progression, of CNS autoimmunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Children who develop celiac disease are predicted to exhibit distinct metabolic pathways among their gut microbiota years before diagnosis.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Ligands for Intestinal Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The renaissance of oral tolerance: merging tradition and new insights.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Live Akkermansia muciniphila boosts dendritic cell retinoic acid synthesis to modulate IL-22 activity and mitigate colitis in mice.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vitamin A and Tryptophan on Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Gliadin in Celiac Disease Patients.Inflammation · 2024Article
152 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Under physiological conditions the gut-associated lymphoid tissues not only prevent the induction of a local inflammatory immune response, but also induce systemic tolerance to fed antigens. A notable exception is coeliac disease, where genetically susceptible individuals expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules develop inflammatory T-cell and antibody responses against dietary gluten, a protein present in wheat. The mechanisms underlying this dysregulated mucosal immune response to a soluble antigen have not been identified. Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, has been shown to have a critical role in the induction of intestinal regulatory responses. Here we find in mice that in conjunction with IL-15, a cytokine greatly upregulated in the gut of coeliac disease patients, retinoic acid rapidly activates dendritic cells to induce JNK (also known as MAPK8) phosphorylation and release the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12p70 and IL-23. As a result, in a stressed intestinal environment, retinoic acid acted as an adjuvant that promoted rather than prevented inflammatory cellular and humoral responses to fed antigen. Altogether, these findings reveal an unexpected role for retinoic acid and IL-15 in the abrogation of tolerance to dietary antigens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.