ArticlePloS one2011
Non-sexual transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent girls attending school in Ndola, Zambia.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian women: A framework for targeted public health interventions.Parasitology research · 2026Pooled it
- How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by "fomite-borne risk assessment".Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Trichomonas vaginalis Drug Targets and Their Role in Drug Discovery and Development.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Transmission Dynamics ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Trichomoniasis and Other Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases in Women.Clinical obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Review
- Fused Enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase::6-Phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD::6PGL) as a Potential Drug Target inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Second trimester vaginalFrontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Trichomoniasis.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Sexually transmitted infections and female reproductive health.Nature microbiology · 2022Review
- Screening test accuracy to improve detection of precancerous lesions of the cervix in women living with HIV: a study protocol.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Predicting Sexually Transmitted Infections Among HIV+ Adolescents and Young Adults: A Novel Risk Score to Augment Syndromic Management in Eswatini.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Article
- Results from a cross-sectional sexual and reproductive health study among school girls in Tanzania: high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis.Sexually transmitted infections · 2019Article
- Prevalence ofBMJ open · 2017Article
- Article
- Prevalence and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of reproductive age in Swaziland.Infectious agents and cancer · 2017Article
- Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenicity and potential role in human reproductive failure.Infection · 2016Review
- Trichomoniasis - are we giving the deserved attention to the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide?Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2016Review
- Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo identify risk factors for trichomoniasis among young women in Ndola, Zambia.
methodThe study was a cross-sectional study among adolescent girls aged 13-16 years in Ndola, Zambia. Study participants were recruited from schools in selected administrative areas that represented the different socio-economic strata in town. Consenting participants were interviewed about their socio-demographic characteristics; sexual behaviour; and hygiene practices. Self-administered vaginal swabs were tested for Trichomonas vaginalis. HSV-2 antibodies were determined on serum to validate the self-reported sexual activity.
resultsA total of 460 girls participated in the study. The overall prevalence of trichomoniasis was 27.1%, 33.9% among girls who reported that they had ever had sex and 24.7% among virgins. In multivariate analysis the only statistically significant risk factor for trichomoniasis was inconsistent use of soap. For the virgins, none of the risk factors was significantly associated with trichomoniasis, but the association with use of soap (not always versus always) and type of toilet used (pit latrine/bush versus flush toilet) was of borderline significance.
conclusionWe found a high prevalence of trichomoniasis in girls in Ndola who reported that they had never had sex. We postulate that the high prevalence of trichomoniasis in virgins in Ndola is due to non-sexual transmission of trichomoniasis via shared bathing water and inconsistent use of soap.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.