ArticlePloS one2011
History shaped the geographic distribution of genomic admixture on the island of Puerto Rico.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Research on potential biomarkers of prostate cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean: a scoping review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- The spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 alleles in Latin America and the Caribbean: a clinical perspective.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2015Pooled it
- The Geography of Cancer: Regional Disparities in the Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Puerto Rico, 2016-2022.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
- Design and Implementation of a Community-Based Educational Program to Enhance Prostate Cancer Screening in Southeastern Puerto Rico.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Social determinants of participation in genetic research among Puerto Ricans and in the Puerto Rican diaspora.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Ethnicity-Based Variations in Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling in Glioblastoma Gene Expression: A Study of the Puerto Rican Hispanic Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Do Hispanic Puerto Rican men have worse outcomes after radical prostatectomy? Results from SEARCH.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- The cervical microbiota of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico is nonoptimal regardless of HPV status.mSystems · 2023Article
- Incidence and Mortality Rates for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Puerto Rican Hispanics, 2012-2016.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Guidelines for genetic ancestry inference created through roundtable discussions.HGG advances · 2023Article
- TheInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Genetics of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Puerto Rico.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Ethnic Diversity and Warfarin Pharmacogenomics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Dysregulation of DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Clocks in Prostate Cancer among Puerto Rican Men.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Thousands of Qatari genomes inform human migration history and improve imputation of Arab haplotypes.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Participation in genetic research among Latinx populations by Latin America birth-residency concordance: a global study.Journal of community genetics · 2021Article
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Ancestral Haplotypes Analysis of the RSPH4A Founder Mutation in Puerto Rico.Cureus · 2021Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Contemporary genetic variation among Latin Americans human groups reflects population migrations shaped by complex historical, social and economic factors. Consequently, admixture patterns may vary by geographic regions ranging from countries to neighborhoods. We examined the geographic variation of admixture across the island of Puerto Rico and the degree to which it could be explained by historic and social events. We analyzed a census-based sample of 642 Puerto Rican individuals that were genotyped for 93 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to estimate African, European and Native American ancestry. Socioeconomic status (SES) data and geographic location were obtained for each individual. There was significant geographic variation of ancestry across the island. In particular, African ancestry demonstrated a decreasing East to West gradient that was partially explained by historical factors linked to the colonial sugar plantation system. SES also demonstrated a parallel decreasing cline from East to West. However, at a local level, SES and African ancestry were negatively correlated. European ancestry was strongly negatively correlated with African ancestry and therefore showed patterns complementary to African ancestry. By contrast, Native American ancestry showed little variation across the island and across individuals and appears to have played little social role historically. The observed geographic distributions of SES and genetic variation relate to historical social events and mating patterns, and have substantial implications for the design of studies in the recently admixed Puerto Rican population. More generally, our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating social and geographic data with genetics when studying contemporary admixed populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.