Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21304600›Full record

ArticlePloS one2011

Mucosal targeting of a BoNT/A subunit vaccine adjuvanted with a mast cell activator enhances induction of BoNT/A neutralizing antibodies in rabbits.

Herman F Staats, Jeffrey R Fielhauer, Afton L Thompson, Alice A Tripp, Ashley E Sobel, Massimo Maddaloni, Soman N Abraham, David W Pascual

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
2.2field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Human anthrax vaccines: Current status and future prospects.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Mast cell activators as adjuvants for intranasal mucosal vaccines.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
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  12. Mast cell activators as novel immune regulators.Current opinion in pharmacology · 2018
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2016
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Herman F StaatsDepartment of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America. herman.staats@duke.edu
Jeffrey R Fielhauer
Afton L Thompson
Alice A Tripp
Ashley E Sobel
Massimo Maddaloni
Soman N Abraham
David W Pascual
Duke Medical Center · USMontana State University · US

Funding

Nasal Vaccines: Mode of Action, Composition & DeliveryR01AI064879 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI STAATS, HERMAN F · 2006 to 2010
$2.1M
Modulation of Bladder cAMP to combat UTI'sR01DK077159 · NIDDK · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI ABRAHAM, SOMAN N · 2007 to 2011
$1.7M
Mucosal Therapy for AutoimmunityR01AI078938 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI PASCUAL, DAVID W · 2009 to 2013
$1.6M
Mast Cell Activator as Adjuvant for Biodefense VaccinesR21AI059591 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI STAATS, HERMAN F. · 2005 to 2006
$609k
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI064879NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI078938NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI059591NIAID NIH HHS U54 AI06537NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK077159
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWe previously reported that the immunogenicity of Hcβtre, a botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) immunogen, was enhanced by fusion to an epithelial cell binding domain, Ad2F, when nasally delivered to mice with cholera toxin (CT). This study was performed to determine if Ad2F would enhance the nasal immunogenicity of Hcβtre in rabbits, an animal model with a nasal cavity anatomy similar to humans. Since CT is not safe for human use, we also tested the adjuvant activity of compound 48/80 (C48/80), a mast cell activating compound previously determined to safely exhibit nasal adjuvant activity in mice.

methodsNew Zealand White or Dutch Belted rabbits were nasally immunized with Hcβtre or Hcβtre-Ad2F alone or combined with CT or C48/80, and serum samples were tested for the presence of Hcβtre-specific binding (ELISA) or BoNT/A neutralizing antibodies.

resultsHcβtre-Ad2F nasally administered with CT induced serum anti-Hcβtre IgG ELISA and BoNT/A neutralizing antibody titers greater than those induced by Hcβtre + CT. C48/80 provided significant nasal adjuvant activity and induced BoNT/A-neutralizing antibodies similar to those induced by CT.

conclusionsAd2F enhanced the nasal immunogenicity of Hcβtre, and the mast cell activator C48/80 was an effective adjuvant for nasal immunization in rabbits, an animal model with a nasal cavity anatomy similar to that in humans.

Indexed as

Adjuvants, ImmunologicAdministration, IntranasalAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingBacterial VaccinesBotulinum Toxins, Type ADrug Delivery SystemsMast CellsMiceMucous MembraneNeurotoxinsRabbitsVaccines, SubunitAdjuvants, ImmunologicAntibodies, NeutralizingBacterial VaccinesBotulinum Toxins, Type ANeurotoxinsVaccines, Subunit

Identifiers

PMID21304600
PMCPMC3029387
OpenAlexW1981030618

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.