ArticleBrain : a journal of neurology2011
Smoking and two human leukocyte antigen genes interact to increase the risk for multiple sclerosis.
Article in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 269 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and disability outcomes in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Impacts of environmental tobacco smoke on the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Pooled it
- Season of birth and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Smoking induces DNA methylation changes in Multiple Sclerosis patients with exposure-response relationship.Scientific reports · 2017Pooled it
- Association of HLA-DRB1 amino acid residues with giant cell arteritis: genetic association study, meta-analysis and geo-epidemiological investigation.Arthritis research & therapy · 2015Pooled it
- Smoking and multiple sclerosis: evidence for latitudinal and temporal variation.Journal of neurology · 2014Pooled it
- Pelvic floor muscle training adapted for urinary incontinence in multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial.International urogynecology journal · 2020Trial
- Immune Cells as Mediators Between Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: Insights From Mendelian Randomization.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Multiple sclerosis and the limits of classical autoimmune theory.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Monoclonal Antibodies as Therapeutic Agents in Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System: Current Evidence on Molecular Mechanisms and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advancing Treatment in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: The Promise of B-Cell-Targeting Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Polygenic Nature of Multiple Sclerosis: Genetic Variants, Immunological Modulation, and Environmental Connections.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- The Effect of Smoking and Passive Exposure on Multiple Sclerosis and Correlation with IL17 & IL23 Levels.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2025Article
- The lung-brain axis in multiple sclerosis: Mechanistic insights and future directions.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Smoking is a Risk Factor for Autoimmune Hepatitis: An English Registry-Based Case-Control Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2024Article
- Negative association between multiple sclerosis immunogenetic profile and in silico immunogenicities of 12 viruses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Updates in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2023Review
- Risk factors for multiple sclerosis in the context of Epstein-Barr virus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors display low or modest associations with multiple sclerosis. Hypothetically, gene-environment interactions may exert much stronger effects. In this study, we investigated potential interactions between genetic risk factors and smoking in relation to risk of developing multiple sclerosis. A population-based case-control study involving incident cases of multiple sclerosis (843 cases, 1209 controls) was performed in Sweden. Cases and controls were classified according to their smoking status and human leukocyte antigen DRB1 as well as human leukocyte antigen A genotypes. Subjects with different genotypes and smoking habits were compared with regard to incidence of multiple sclerosis, by calculating odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals employing logistic regression. The potential interaction between different genotypes, as well as between genotype and smoking, was evaluated by calculating attributable proportion due to interaction. A significant interaction between two genetic risk factors, carriage of human leukocyte antigen DRB1*15 and absence of human leukocyte antigen A*02, was observed among smokers whereas such an interaction was absent among non-smokers. There were considerable differences in odds ratios between the various groups. Compared with non-smokers with neither of the genetic risk factors, the odds ratio was 13.5 (8.1-22.6) for smokers with both genetic risk factors. The odds ratio for smokers without genetic risk was 1.4 (0.9-2.1) and the odds ratio for non-smokers with both genetic risk factors was 4.9 (3.6-6.6). Among those with both genetic risk factors, smoking increased the risk by a factor of 2.8 in comparison with a factor of 1.4 among those without the genetic risk factors. The risk of developing multiple sclerosis associated with human leukocyte antigen genotypes may be strongly influenced by smoking status. The findings are consistent with our hypothesis that priming of the immune response in the lungs may subsequently lead to multiple sclerosis in genetically susceptible people.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.