ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2011
Long-term effects of flooding on mortality in England and Wales, 1994-2005: controlled interrupted time-series analysis.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Extreme Weather Events in the UK and Resulting Public Health Outcomes.International journal of public health · 2025Pooled it
- Cyclone exposure and mortality risk of children under 5 years old: An observational study in 34 low- and middle-income countries.PLoS medicine · 2025Observational
- All-cause excess mortality following Storm Daniel flood event in Greece.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Floods and cause-specific mortality in the United States applying a triply robust approach.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Large floods drive changes in cause-specific mortality in the United States.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Floods and cause-specific mortality in the UK: a nested case-control study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Mortality risks associated with floods in 761 communities worldwide: time series study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Article
- Community-wide Mortality Rates in Beijing, China, During the July 2012 Flood Compared with Unexposed Periods.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Article
- Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England's Mental Health Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Mental health impacts of flooding: a controlled interrupted time series analysis of prescribing data in England.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2017Article
- Trends in water level and flooding in Dhaka, Bangladesh and their impact on mortality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Article
- Data mashups: potential contribution to decision support on climate change and health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2014Article
- Factors increasing vulnerability to health effects before, during and after floods.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Review
- Guest Editorial: Weather conditions and population level mortality in resource-poor settings - understanding the past before projecting the future.Global health action · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLimited evidence suggests that being flooded may increase mortality and morbidity among affected householders not just at the time of the flood but for months afterwards. The objective of this study is to explore the methods for quantifying such long-term health effects of flooding by analysis of routine mortality registrations in England and Wales.
methodsMortality data, geo-referenced by postcode of residence, were linked to a national database of flood events for 1994 to 2005. The ratio of mortality in the post-flood year to that in the pre-flood year within flooded postcodes was compared with that in non-flooded boundary areas (within 5 km of a flood). Further analyses compared the observed number of flood-area deaths in the year after flooding with the number expected from analysis of mortality trends stratified by region, age-group, sex, deprivation group and urban-rural status.
resultsAmong the 319 recorded floods, there were 771 deaths in the year before flooding and 693 deaths in the year after (post-/pre-flood ratio of 0.90, 95% CI 0.82, 1.00). This ratio did not vary substantially by age, sex, population density or deprivation. A similar post-flood 'deficit' of deaths was suggested by the analyses based on observed/expected deaths.
conclusionsThe observed post-flood 'deficit' of deaths is counter-intuitive and difficult to interpret because of the possible influence of population displacement caused by flooding. The bias that might arise from such displacement remains unquantified but has important implications for future studies that use place of residence as a marker of exposure.
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