ArticleBiomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals2011
A comparison of creatinine vs. specific gravity to correct for urinary dilution of cotinine.
Article in Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behaviors, Biomarkers of Exposure, and Subjective Ratings.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2016Trial
- Allostatic and Circadian Drives in Patients with Bipolar Disorder in Depressive Episodes or with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Versus Healthy Controls: Neuroendocrine Comparison Through Cortisol and 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Overnight Urine Excretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Role of urinary trace elements in diabetic kidney disease: a cross-sectional analysis.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Impact of Bisphenol A and its alternatives on oocyte health: a scoping review.Human reproduction update · 2024Article
- Method validation for (ultra)-trace element concentrations in urine for small sample volumes in large epidemiological studies: application to the population-based epidemiological multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 2024Article
- The Associations ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- A cross-validation based approach for estimating specific gravity in elementary-school aged children using a nonlinear model.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Characterization of Urinary Pesticide Metabolite Concentrations of Pregnant Women in Suriname.Toxics · 2022Article
- Smoking intensity and urinary nicotine metabolites by socioeconomic status in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Comparison of Levels of Three Tobacco Smoke Exposure Biomarkers in Children of Smokers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Short-term effects of ambient air pollution and outdoor temperature on biomarkers of myocardial damage, inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy adults.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2019Article
- Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on-farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2019Article
- For what factors should we normalize urinary extracellular mRNA biomarkers?Biomolecular detection and quantification · 2019Review
- Bisphenol A and pubertal height growth in school-aged children.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2019Article
- Article
- Biological sex identification in the endangered dusky gopher frog (Lithobates sevosa): a comparison of body size measurements, secondary sex characteristics, ultrasound imaging, and urinary hormone analysis methods.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2016Article
- Associations between Urinary Excretion of Cadmium and Renal Biomarkers in Nonsmoking Females: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of South China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Comparison of creatinine and specific gravity for hydration corrections on measurement of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2014Article
- Impact of urine concentration adjustment method on associations between urine metals and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in adolescents.Environmental research · 2014Article
- Time to first cigarette predicts 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in adolescent regular and intermittent smokers, National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-10.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextThe validity of urinary correction standards has not been established for most analytes.
methodsWe compared urinary creatinine and specific gravity as dilution correction standards for cotinine in a community-based study of smokers.
resultsModels of blood cotinine regressed against CR or SG (measured by total soluble solids) significantly improved the fit compared to a model without a dilution measure (P < 0.01). There were no differences in model fit between CR- and SG-corrected values. Both CR and SG were significant predictors of urinary cotinine regressed against cigarettes smoked per day (P < 0.01).
conclusionCR and SG are valid and interchangeable correction standards.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.