ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Widespread establishment and regulatory impact of Alu exons in human genes.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transposable elements modulate human RNA abundance and splicing via specific RNA-protein interactions.Genome biology · 2014Pooled it
- Review
- The splice of life: how alternative splicing shapes regulatory and phenotypic evolution.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Expression spectrum of TE-driven transcripts in human adult tissues.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Splice-switching ASOs targeting the AURKA 5' UTR collapse an SRSF1-AURKA-MYC oncogenic circuit in pancreatic cancer.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- A distal promoter and aberrant splicing enable canonical translation of out-of-frame proteins in Huntington's disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A spatial long-read approach at near-single-cell resolution reveals developmental regulation of splicing and polyadenylation sites in distinct cortical layers and cell types.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Alu insertion-mediated dsRNA structure formation with pre-existing Alu elements as a disease-causing mechanism.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Ocular A-to-I RNA editing signatures associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- PredictingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Alternative splicing as a source of phenotypic diversity.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2022Review
- The Role of Transposable Elements of the Human Genome in Neuronal Function and Pathology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Alu RNA and their roles in human disease states.RNA biology · 2021Article
- Genomic approaches to trace the history of human brain evolution with an emerging opportunity for transposon profiling of ancient humans.Mobile DNA · 2021Review
- Article
- Cytoplasmic long noncoding RNAs are differentially regulated and translated during human neuronal differentiation.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Lack of relationship between Alu repetitive elements in angiotensin converting enzyme and the severity of diabetic retinopathy.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2021Article
- Unraveling the features of somatic transposition in the Drosophila intestine.The EMBO journal · 2021Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The Alu element has been a major source of new exons during primate evolution. Thousands of human genes contain spliced exons derived from Alu elements. However, identifying Alu exons that have acquired genuine biological functions remains a major challenge. We investigated the creation and establishment of Alu exons in human genes, using transcriptome profiles of human tissues generated by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) combined with extensive RT-PCR analysis. More than 25% of Alu exons analyzed by RNA-Seq have estimated transcript inclusion levels of at least 50% in the human cerebellum, indicating widespread establishment of Alu exons in human genes. Genes encoding zinc finger transcription factors have significantly higher levels of Alu exonization. Importantly, Alu exons with high splicing activities are strongly enriched in the 5'-UTR, and two-thirds (10/15) of 5'-UTR Alu exons tested by luciferase reporter assays significantly alter mRNA translational efficiency. Mutational analysis reveals the specific molecular mechanisms by which newly created 5'-UTR Alu exons modulate translational efficiency, such as the creation or elongation of upstream ORFs that repress the translation of the primary ORFs. This study presents genomic evidence that a major functional consequence of Alu exonization is the lineage-specific evolution of translational regulation. Moreover, the preferential creation and establishment of Alu exons in zinc finger genes suggest that Alu exonization may have globally affected the evolution of primate and human transcriptomes by regulating the protein production of master transcriptional regulators in specific lineages.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.