ArticleInternational journal of cancer2011
Early life exposure to infections and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00015587 (Chemical Exposures and Leukemia Risks and Childhood Leukemia and Environmental Exposure), which is not on this map. Cited by 39 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Chemical Exposures and Leukemia Risks and Childhood Leukemia and Environmental Exposure
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early-life exposures and risk of hematological malignancies in adulthood: a cohort study, meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal prenatal infection and childhood leukaemia: a Childhood Cancer and Leukemia International Consortium (CLIC) meta-analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Microbiome and pediatric leukemia, diabetes, and allergies: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Allergies and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study and Meta-analysis.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2018Pooled it
- Early-life infections and childhood cancer risk: a nationwide cohort study of 2 million children.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Early Infection Incidence and Risk of Acute Leukemia Development Among Mexican Children.Cancers · 2025Article
- Article
- Environmental microbiome in the home and daycare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic, and potential risk of non-communicable disease in children.Environmental microbiology reports · 2024Article
- Gene-Environment Analyses Reveal Novel Genetic Candidates with Prenatal Tobacco Exposure in Relation to Risk for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Outdoor artificial light at night, air pollution, and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the California Linkage Study of Early-Onset Cancers.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The genetic risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its implications for children of Latin American origin.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in the Setting of Therapy-Induced Acute Myeloid Leukemia: An Autopsy Report.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Interaction between maternal killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and offspring HLAs and susceptibility of childhood ALL.Blood advances · 2022Article
- Genetic determinants of blood-cell traits influence susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.American journal of human genetics · 2021Article
- Influence of Childhood Adversity and Infection on Timing of Menarche in a Multiethnic Sample of Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Have COVID-19 affected ALL epidemiology?Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2021Article
- Diet as a Potential Moderator for Genome Stability and Immune Response in Pediatric Leukemia.Cancers · 2021Review
- Acute lymphoid leukemia etiopathogenesis.Molecular biology reports · 2021Review
- Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States.British journal of cancer · 2021Review
- Epidemiological studies of natural sources of radiation and childhood cancer: current challenges and future perspectives.Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence from a growing number of studies indicates that exposure to common infections early in life may be protective against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We examined the relationship between three measures of early life exposure to infections-daycare attendance, birth order and common childhood infections in infancy-with the risk of ALL in non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children, two ethnicities that show sociodemographic differences. The analysis included 669 ALL cases (284 non-Hispanic whites and 385 Hispanics) and 977 controls (458 non-Hispanic whites and 519 Hispanics) ages 1-14 years enrolled in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS). When the three measures were evaluated separately, daycare attendance by the age of 6 months (odds ratio [OR] for each thousand child-hours of exposure = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-1.00) and birth order (OR for having an older sibling = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.92) were associated with a reduced risk of ALL among non-Hispanic white children but not Hispanic children, whereas ear infection before age 6 months was protective in both ethnic groups. When the three measures were assessed simultaneously, the influence of daycare attendance (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73-0.94) and having an older sibling (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83) became stronger for non-Hispanic white children. In Hispanic children, a strong reduction in risk associated with ear infections persisted (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.79). Evidence of a protective role for infection-related exposures early in life is supported by findings in both the non-Hispanic white and Hispanic populations within the NCCLS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.