ArticleBMC psychiatry2011
Pattern of neural responses to verbal fluency shows diagnostic specificity for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 185 citations in OpenAlex.
- Artificial intelligence approaches for schizophrenia prediction and its biomarkers using medical imaging data.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Unraveling consistently altered brain activations of language deficits in schizophrenia: evidence from ALE meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluation of Risk of Bias in Neuroimaging-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Towards a brain-based predictome of mental illness.Human brain mapping · 2020Pooled it
- A systematic review of associations between functional MRI activity and polygenic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Brain imaging and behavior · 2019Pooled it
- Detecting neuroimaging biomarkers for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of multivariate pattern recognition studies.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2015Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of ketamine-induced psychopathological symptoms on continuous overt rhyme fluency.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2012Trial
- Neural correlates of cognitive improvement over time in patients newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Neuroscience applied · 2026Article
- Cell-type specific reductions in interneuron gene expression within the cingulate gyrus of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder subjects.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Machine learning with multiple modalities of brain magnetic resonance imaging data to identify the presence of bipolar disorder.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Classifying Unconscious, Psychedelic, and Neuropsychiatric Brain States with Functional Connectivity, Graph Theory, and Cortical Gradient Analysis.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Continuous Dictionary of Nodes Model and Bilinear-Diffusion Representation Learning for Brain Disease Analysis.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Similarity in evoked responses does not imply similarity in macroscopic network states.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Sampling inequalities affect generalization of neuroimaging-based diagnostic classifiers in psychiatry.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Emotion regulation in bipolar disorder type-I: multivariate analysis of fMRI data.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2023Article
- Article
- Understanding mental health through computers: An introduction to computational psychiatry.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Abnormal global-brain functional connectivity and its relationship with cognitive deficits in drug-naive first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia.Brain imaging and behavior · 2022Article
- Characteristics of frontal activity relevant to cognitive function in bipolar depression: an fNIRS study.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImpairments in executive function and language processing are characteristic of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Their functional neuroanatomy demonstrate features that are shared as well as specific to each disorder. Determining the distinct pattern of neural responses in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may provide biomarkers for their diagnoses.
methods104 participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans while performing a phonological verbal fluency task. Subjects were 32 patients with schizophrenia in remission, 32 patients with bipolar disorder in an euthymic state, and 40 healthy volunteers. Neural responses to verbal fluency were examined in each group, and the diagnostic potential of the pattern of the neural responses was assessed with machine learning analysis.
resultsDuring the verbal fluency task, both patient groups showed increased activation in the anterior cingulate, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right putamen as compared to healthy controls, as well as reduced deactivation of precuneus and posterior cingulate. The magnitude of activation was greatest in patients with schizophrenia, followed by patients with bipolar disorder and then healthy individuals. Additional recruitment in the right inferior frontal and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices was observed in schizophrenia relative to both bipolar disorder and healthy subjects. The pattern of neural responses correctly identified individual patients with schizophrenia with an accuracy of 92%, and those with bipolar disorder with an accuracy of 79% in which mis-classification was typically of bipolar subjects as healthy controls.
conclusionsIn summary, both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with altered function in prefrontal, striatal and default mode networks, but the magnitude of this dysfunction is particularly marked in schizophrenia. The pattern of response to verbal fluency is highly diagnostic for schizophrenia and distinct from bipolar disorder. Pattern classification of functional MRI measurements of language processing is a potential diagnostic marker of schizophrenia.
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