ArticlemBio2011
Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of infants on pneumonia and influenza hospitalization and mortality in all age groups in the United States.
Article in mBio, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 259 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Global Burden of Human Metapneumovirus in High-Risk Adults: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Pooled it
- The direct and indirect effects of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine on carriage rates in children aged younger than 5 years in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic review of the indirect effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on pneumococcal disease and colonization.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on prevention of pneumonia.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of a multi-human dose formulation of Biological E's 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PNEUBEVAX 14Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Differences in nasal immunoglobulin A responses to influenza vaccine strains after live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) immunization in children.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Trial
- Modelling estimates of the burden of Respiratory Syncytial virus infection in adults and the elderly in the United Kingdom.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Impaired serotype-specific immune function following pneumococcal vaccination in infants with prior carriage.Vaccine · 2014Trial
- What is driving the resurgence and persistence of vaccine-targeted pneumococcal serotypes?-Serotype 19F as the paradigm.PLoS pathogens · 2026Review
- Article
- Evaluating Free PPV23 Vaccination for the Elderly in Nanning, China: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Demographic and regional trends of pneumonia mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2022.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Health and Economic Effects of PCV15 and PCV20 During the First Year of Life in the US.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Estimated Population-Level Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Against All-Cause Pneumonia Mortality Among Unvaccinated in 5 Latin American Countries.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Relationship between molecular pathogen detection and clinical disease in febrile children across Europe: a multicentre, prospective observational study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2023Article
- Factors Associated With the Development of Bacterial Pneumonia Related to Seasonal Influenza Virus Infection: A Study Using a Large-scale Health Insurance Claim Database.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Herd immunity in older adults from a middle-income country: A time-series trend analysis of community-acquired pneumonia mortality 2003-2017.Health science reports · 2023Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) introduced in the United States in 2000 has been shown to reduce invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in both vaccinated children and adults through induction of herd immunity. We assessed the impact of infant immunization on pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations and mortality in all age groups using Health Care Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases (SID) for 1996 to 2006 from 10 states; SID contain 100% samples of ICD9-coded hospitalization data for the selected states. Compared to a 1996-1997 through 1998-1999 baseline, by the 2005-2006 season, both IPD and pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations and deaths had decreased substantially in all age groups, including a 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38 to 54%) reduction in nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (ICD9 code 481 with no codes indicating IPD) in infants <2 years old and a 54% reduction (CI, 53 to 56%) in adults ≥65 years of age. A model developed to calculate the total burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by infant PCV7 vaccination in the United States from 2000 to 2006 estimated a reduction of 788,838 (CI, 695,406 to 875,476) hospitalizations for pneumococcal pneumonia. Ninety percent of the reduction in model-attributed pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations occurred through herd immunity among adults 18 years old and older; similar proportions were found in pneumococcal disease mortality prevented by the vaccine. In the first seasons after PCV introduction, when there were substantial state differences in coverage among <5-year-olds, states with greater coverage had significantly fewer influenza-associated pneumonia hospitalizations among children, suggesting that PCV7 use also reduces influenza-attributable pneumonia hospitalizations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.