ReviewAnesthesiology2011
Clinical and molecular pharmacology of etomidate.
Review in Anesthesiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 143 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Anesthesia for Upper Endoscopy and Colonoscopy in Cardiac Patients With Acute Anemia: Pretreatment With Low-dose Ketamine Can Reduce the Dose of Etomidate. A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Effect of Pretreatment of Lignocaine Versus Midazolam in the Prevention of Etomidate Induced Myoclonus
The Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil Blunting Endotracheal Intubation Responses During Anesthesia Induction With Lidocaine or Sufentanil Combined With Etomidate: A Randomized Controlled Study
Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 338 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy and safety of 20 intravenous pharmaceutical intervention for prevention of etomidate-induced myoclonus: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of combined use of propofol and etomidate for sedation during gastroscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety of remifentanil versus different pharmacological approaches on prevention of etomidate-induced myoclonus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Drug design, development and therapy · 2019Pooled it
- Pretreatment with lidocaine reduces both incidence and severity of etomidate-induced myoclonus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Drug design, development and therapy · 2018Pooled it
- Comparative sedative effects of intravenous etomidate/fentanyl/midazolam versus propofol/fentanyl/midazolam combination for dental treatment of uncooperative children: a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- NH600001, an etomidate analogue, provides gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation/anesthesia and reduces adrenocortical depression: two randomized controlled trials.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, safety, and pharmacodynamics of intravenous methoxyethyl etomidate hydrochloride (ET-26-HCl) in Chinese participants with hepatic impairment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Investigating the effect of ondansetron in reducing myoclonic movements caused by intravenous administration of etomidate.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Modelling of NH600001 in Healthy Subjects and Patients Undergoing Gastroscopy.The AAPS journal · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation study of etomidate: a randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy Chinese subjects.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- A comparative study of two infusion doses of etomidate for induction vs standard induction dose of etomidate.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2019Trial
- Etomidate Sedation for Advanced Endoscopic Procedures.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2019Trial
- Etomidate plus propofol versus propofol alone for sedation during gastroscopy: a randomized prospective clinical trial.Surgical endoscopy · 2016Trial
- Comparison of Adrenal Suppression between Etomidate and Dexmedetomidine in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2015Trial
- Sedation and analgesia with fentanyl and etomidate for intrathecal injection in childhood leukemia patients.Medicine · 2015Trial
- Etomidate increases susceptibility to pneumonia in trauma patients.Intensive care medicine · 2012Trial
- Cardioversion: What to choose? Etomidate or propofol.Annals of cardiac anaesthesiaTrial
- Alchemical Free Energy Perturbation Predicts Relative Binding Affinities of Propofol Analogs and Etomidate Stereoisomers at the GABAACS omega · 2026Article
- Article
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This review focuses on the unique clinical and molecular pharmacologic features of etomidate. Among general anesthesia induction drugs, etomidate is the only imidazole, and it has the most favorable therapeutic index for single-bolus administration. It also produces a unique toxicity among anesthetic drugs: inhibition of adrenal steroid synthesis that far outlasts its hypnotic action and that may reduce survival of critically ill patients. The major molecular targets mediating anesthetic effects of etomidate in the central nervous system are specific γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subtypes. Amino acids forming etomidate binding sites have been identified in transmembrane domains of these proteins. Etomidate binding site structure models for the main enzyme mediating etomidate adrenotoxicity have also been developed. Based on this deepening understanding of molecular targets and actions, new etomidate derivatives are being investigated as potentially improved sedative-hypnotics or for use as highly selective inhibitors of adrenal steroid synthesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.