ArticleArchives of internal medicine2011
Cigarette smoking and the incidence of breast cancer.
Article in Archives of internal medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 179 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk: by age of smoking initiation.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- The relationship between tobacco and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Disease and Breast Cancer: Where These Entities Intersect: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2018Pooled it
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of breast cancer in nonsmoking women. An updated review and meta-analysis.Inhalation toxicology · 2016Pooled it
- Aberrant promoter methylation of the CHD1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer: a meta-analysis.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Correlations of IFN-γ genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to breast cancer: a meta-analysis.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption as predictors of cancer incidence among women at high risk of breast cancer in the NSABP P-1 trial.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2014Trial
- Understanding breast cancer causes: insights from Jordanian women's awareness.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Influence of lifestyle factors on breast cancer incidence from mid-life to older age: an Australian longitudinal cohort study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic disparities in long-term heart failure risk of trastuzumab with or without anthracyclines in early-stage breast cancer: a SEER-Medicare database analysis.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Association of Occupational and Lifestyle Factors with Mammography-Detected Breast Neoplasia.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2025Article
- Article
- Differences in Smoking Behavior by Nativity, Race/Ethnicity, and Education among Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer among women in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2017: a case-control study.The Pan African medical journal · 2024Article
- Tobacco smoke and all-cause mortality and premature death in China: a cohort study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Social Risk Factors That Increase Cardiovascular and Breast Cancer Risk.Current cardiology reports · 2023Review
- Urinary Concentrations of Endocrine-Disrupting Metals and Prevalent Breast Cancer in US Women.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco smoke contains carcinogens, which may increase the risk of breast cancer (BC). Conversely, cigarette smoking also has antiestrogenic effects, which may reduce the risk of BC. The association between smoking and BC remains controversial.
methodsProspective cohort study of 111 140 participants of the Nurses' Health Study from 1976 to 2006 for active smoking and 36 017 women from 1982 to 2006 for passive smoking.
resultsDuring 3 005 863 person-years of follow-up, 8772 incident cases of invasive BC were reported. After adjustment for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (HR) of BC was 1.06% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01%-1.10%) for ever smokers relative to never smokers. Breast cancer incidence was associated with a higher quantity of current (P for trend = .02) and past (P for trend = .003) smoking, younger age at smoking initiation (P for trend = .01), longer duration of smoking (P for trend = .01), and more pack-years of smoking (P for trend = .005). Premenopausal smoking was associated with a slightly higher incidence of BC (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.15 for every increase of 20 pack-years), especially smoking before first birth (1.18; 1.10-1.27 for every increase of 20 pack-years). Conversely, the direction of the association between postmenopausal smoking and BC was inverse (0.93; 0.85-1.02 for every increase of 20 pack-years). Passive smoking in childhood or adulthood was not associated with BC risk.
conclusionActive smoking, especially smoking before the first birth, may be associated with a modest increase in the risk of BC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.