ArticlePharmacoepidemiology and drug safety2011
Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy.
Article in Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- British Society for Rheumatology guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding: comorbidity medications used in rheumatology practice.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2023Guideline
- The Risk for Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Bradycardia after Beta-Blocker Use during Pregnancy or Lactation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- In-utero exposure to antihypertensive medication and neonatal and child health outcomes: a systematic review.Journal of hypertension · 2017Pooled it
- Maternal Hypertension During Pregnancy and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pediatric cardiology · 2015Pooled it
- The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to β-blockers early in pregnancy: a meta-analysis.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2013Pooled it
- [Risk factors for hypoglycemia in preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2020Trial
- Case-malformed signal detection and prioritisation using EUROmediCAT data for pharmacovigilance in pregnancy.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of Genetically-Proxied Antihypertensive Drug Targets on Preeclampsia and Birth Weight.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy.Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy · 2024Review
- The Pathophysiology, Prognosis and Treatment of Hypertension in Females from Pregnancy to Post-menopause: A Review.Current heart failure reports · 2024Review
- Antihypertensive Medication Use before and during Pregnancy and the Risk of Severe Maternal Morbidity in Individuals with Prepregnancy Hypertension.American journal of perinatology · 2024Article
- Executive Summary: British Society for Rheumatology guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding: comorbidity medications used in rheumatology practice.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Using Twitter Data for Cohort Studies of Drug Safety in Pregnancy: Proof-of-concept With β-Blockers.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
- Management of pregnant patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Atrial fibrillation during pregnancy: a 9-month period with limited options.Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie · 2021Review
- Systems genetics analysis identifies calcium-signaling defects as novel cause of congenital heart disease.Genome medicine · 2020Article
- In Utero Antihypertensive Medication Exposure and Neonatal Outcomes: A Data Linkage Cohort Study.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2020Article
- Use of Prescribed Psychotropics during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Pregnancy, Neonatal, and Childhood Outcomes.Brain sciences · 2019Review
- Maternal obesity and cesarean section delivery: additional risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia?Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeCalcium channel blockers and beta-blockers (BBs) are widely used during pregnancy, but data on their safety for the developing infant are scarce. We used population-based data from 5 HMOs to study risks for perinatal complications and congenital defects among infants exposed in-utero.
methodsWe studied women older than 15 years delivering an infant between 1/1/96 and 12/31/00, who had been continuously enrolled with prescription drug coverage for ≥ 1 year prior to delivery. Information on prescription drug dispensings, inpatient, and outpatient diagnoses and procedures was obtained from automated databases at each HMO.
resultsThere were 584 full-term infants exposed during pregnancy to BBs and 804 full-term infants exposed to calcium-channel blockers, and over 75,000 unexposed mother-infant pairs with ≥ 30 days follow-up. Infants exposed to BBs in the third trimester of pregnancy had over threefold increased risk for hypoglycemia (RR 3.1; 95% CI 2.2, 4.2) and an approximately twofold increased risk for feeding problems (RR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3, 2.5). Infants exposed to calcium-channel blockers in the third trimester had an increased risk for seizures (RR 3.6 95% CI 1.3, 10.4). Chart review confirmed the majority of the exposed seizure and hypoglycemia cases. There were no increased risks for congenital anomalies among either group of infants, except for the category of upper alimentary tract anomalies; this increased risk was based on only two exposed cases.
conclusionsInfants whose mothers receive BBs are at increased risk for neonatal hypoglycemia, while those whose mothers take calcium-channel blockers are at increased risk for neonatal seizures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.