ArticleBMC immunology2011
Persistence of virus-specific immune responses in the central nervous system of mice after West Nile virus infection.
Article in BMC immunology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma cells in and around the central nervous system.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Flaviviruses-Induced Neurological Sequelae.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The critical role of interleukin-6 in protection against neurotropic flavivirus infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Unique Cytokine Response in West Nile Virus Patients Who Developed Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.Viruses · 2021Article
- Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2020Review
- West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and "One Health" Implications.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Regulatory T Cells in Neurotropic Virus Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- West Nile Virus-Induced Neurologic Sequelae-Relationship to Neurodegenerative Cascades and Dementias.Current tropical medicine reports · 2020Article
- West Nile or Usutu Virus? A Three-Year Follow-Up of Humoral and Cellular Response in a Group of Asymptomatic Blood Donors.Viruses · 2020Article
- Interferon-Gamma Modulation of the Local T Cell Response to Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis.Viruses · 2020Article
- Neuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections.Annual review of immunology · 2019Review
- Dynamics of Tissue-Specific CD8Journal of virology · 2018Article
- Protection of mice deficient in mature B cells from West Nile virus infection by passive and active immunization.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- Glial cell activation, recruitment, and survival of B-lineage cells following MCMV brain infection.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2016Article
- Neuroinvasive West Nile Infection Elicits Elevated and Atypically Polarized T Cell Responses That Promote a Pathogenic Outcome.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- Age-Dependent Cell Trafficking Defects in Draining Lymph Nodes Impair Adaptive Immunity and Control of West Nile Virus Infection.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- Of Mice and Men: Protective and Pathogenic Immune Responses to West Nile virus Infection.Current tropical medicine reports · 2015Article
- Infiltrating regulatory B cells control neuroinflammation following viral brain infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Article
- Evaluation of prolonged fatigue post-West Nile virus infection and association of fatigue with elevated antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines.Viral immunology · 2014Article
- The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology.Pathogens and disease · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWest Nile virus (WNV) persists in humans and several animal models. We previously demonstrated that WNV persists in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice for up to 6 months post-inoculation. We hypothesized that the CNS immune response is ineffective in clearing the virus.
resultsImmunocompetent, adult mice were inoculated subcutaneously with WNV, and the CNS immune response was examined at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks post-inoculation (wpi). Characterization of lymphocyte phenotypes in the CNS revealed elevation of CD19+ B cells for 4 wpi, CD138 plasma cells at 12 wpi, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for at least 12 wpi. T cells recruited to the brain were activated, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were present for at least 12 wpi. WNV-specific antibody secreting cells were detected in the brain from 2 to 16 wpi, and virus-specific CD8+ T cells directed against an immunodominant WNV epitope were detected in the brain from 1 to 16 wpi. Furthermore, these WNV-specific immune responses occurred in mice with and without acute clinical disease.
conclusionsVirus-specific immune cells persist in the CNS of mice after WNV infection for up to 16 wpi.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.