ArticleMucosal immunology2011
Epigenetic regulation of human β-defensin 2 and CC chemokine ligand 20 expression in gingival epithelial cells in response to oral bacteria.
Article in Mucosal immunology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers of Periodontitis and Its Differential DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Immune Cells: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- From signals to systems: the epigenetic-microbiome-mitochondrial axis in IBD pathogenesis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Holobiontic Intercellular Relationships Between the Oral Cavity and the Rest of the Human Organism: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- The Silent Link: Exploring the Impact of Periodontal Diseases on Head and Neck Carcinogenesis.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Review
- Protein acylation in inflammatory diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- DNA Hypermethylation at the Invasive Front of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Confers Poorly Differentiated Characteristics and Promotes Migration of Cancer Cells.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The role of genome-wide DNA methylation and polymorphisms in periodontitis etiology: A narrative review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Review
- The Histone Demethylase Inhibitor GSK-J4 Attenuates Periodontal Bone Loss and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Periodontitis.Current medical science · 2025Article
- DNA and RNA Methylation in Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases.Journal of dental research · 2025Review
- The oral microbiome and atherosclerosis: current evidence on association, mechanisms, and clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Identification of human host factors required for beta-defensin-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells upon a bacterial challenge.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on proliferative, differentiative, and regenerative functions of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2)-stimulated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs).Clinical oral investigations · 2023Article
- Periodontitis as a promoting factor of T2D: current evidence and mechanisms.International journal of oral science · 2023Review
- Mapping of DNA methylation-sensitive cellular processes in gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of periodontal tissue homeostasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The Relevance of DNA Methylation and Histone Modification in Periodontitis: A Scoping Review.Cells · 2022Article
- Article
- Porphyromonas gingivalis outside the oral cavity.Odontology · 2022Review
- Inhibitors of DNA Methylation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Review
- Emerging role of epigenetic regulations in periodontitis: a literature review.American journal of translational research · 2022Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gingival epithelia utilize multiple signaling pathways to regulate innate immune responses to various oral bacteria, but little is understood about how these bacteria alter epithelial epigenetic status. In this study we report that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase expression were decreased in gingival epithelial cells treated with oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and nonpathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum. Pretreatment with trichostatin A and sodium butyrate, which increase acetylation of chromatin histones, significantly enhanced the gene expression of antimicrobial proteins human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) and CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) in response to both bacterial challenges. Pretreatment with DNMT inhibitor 5'-azacytidine increased hBD2 and CCL20 expression in response to F. nucleatum, but not to P. gingivalis. Furthermore, we observed a differential pattern of protein levels of H3K4me3, which has been associated with chromatin remodeling and activation of gene transcription, in response to P. gingivalis vs. F. nucleatum. This study provides a new insight into the bacteria-specific innate immune responses via epigenetic regulation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.