ArticleTissue engineering. Part A2011
High doses of bone morphogenetic protein 2 induce structurally abnormal bone and inflammation in vivo.
Article in Tissue engineering. Part A, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 267 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
267 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 545 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Recombinant Human BMP2 and PDGF-BB in Orofacial Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2019Pooled it
- Clinical application of bone morphogenetic proteins for bone healing: a systematic review.International orthopaedics · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Growth factor applications and clinical translation: advances and challenges.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Mn/Zn Bimetallic MOF-Integrated Hydrogel Alleviates Excessive Mitochondrial Fission in BMSCs to Promote Osteoporotic Jawbone Repair.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Obesity Management: Therapeutic Potential and Challenges Beyond the Skeleton.Current medical science · 2026Review
- Sustained release PLGA microspheres loaded with a bone-affinity Bmp2 enhance fracture healing and mitigate heterotopic ossification.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Article
- GelMA Hydrogel Stiffness Modulates IL-6- and BMP-2-Induced Immune Dysregulation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Comparable Fusion Response, but Increased Inflammatory Response, withJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Sustainable Eggshell-Based Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds and Membrane Protein Hydrogel for Regeneration in Rabbit Femoral and Calvarial Defects.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- Aptamers in Osteoimmune Regulation: Scientific Rationale, Emerging Evidence and Translational Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Visible-light-triggered BMP-2 release from enzymatically crosslinked marine collagen-alginate hydrogel blends enhances osteogenesis in dental pulp stem cells.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- A green-electrospun nanofibrous scaffold incorporating polyethylenimine-modified liposomes for sustained BMP2 gene delivery and enhanced osteogenic differentiation.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Advanced biomaterial-based approaches for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.Open life sciences · 2026Article
- A novel growth factor bioavailability-enhanced allograft for use in craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Optimizing the osteo-immunomodulatory balance: threshold-saturation effects of BMP-2-loaded allografts in the Masquelet's induced membrane technique (MIMT).Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Treatment of femoral defects in rats with collagen and elastin polymers combined with hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic protein.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- In Vitro Cell Proliferation, Osteogenic Differentiation, and In Vivo Angiogenesis Induced by Modified mRNA Encoding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Comparative Osteoinductive Potential of BMP-2, Bioactive Glass, and Demineralized Bone Matrix: An In Vitro Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Study.International journal of spine surgery · 2025Article
207 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The major Food and Drug Association-approved osteoinductive factors in wide clinical use are bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Although BMPs can promote robust bone formation, they also induce adverse clinical effects, including cyst-like bone formation and significant soft tissue swelling. In this study, we evaluated multiple BMP2 doses in a rat femoral segmental defect model and in a minimally traumatic rat femoral onlay model to determine its dose-dependent effects. Results of our femoral segmental defect model established a low BMP2 concentration range (5 and 10 μg/mL, total dose 0.375 and 0.75 μg in 75 μg total volume) unable to induce defect fusion, a mid-range BMP2 concentration range able to fuse the defect without adverse effects (30 μg/mL, total dose 2.25 μg in 75 μg total volume), and a high BMP2 concentration range (150, 300, and 600 μg/mL, total dose 11.25, 22.5, and 45 μg in 75 μg total volume) able to fuse the defect, but with formation of cyst-like bony shells filled with histologically confirmed adipose tissue. In addition, compared to control, 4 mg/mL BMP2 also induced significant tissue inflammatory infiltrates and exudates in the femoral onlay model that was accompanied by increased numbers of osteoclast-like cells at 3, 7, and 14 days. Overall, we consistently reproduced BMP2 side effects of cyst-like bone and soft tissue swelling using high BMP2 concentration approaching the typical human 1500 μg/mL.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.