ArticleInfection and immunity2011
Chlamydial infection increases gonococcal colonization in a novel murine coinfection model.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of MenB-4C Vaccine Against Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- US Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Institutes of Health Co-Sponsored Public Workshop Summary-Development Considerations of Antimicrobial Drugs for the Treatment of Gonorrhea.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Repurposing epetraborole to combatAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Interferon-epsilon, an estrogen-induced type I interferon, is uniquely exploited by Neisseria gonorrhoeae via effects on sialic acid metabolism.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Mixed Infections in the Female Lower Genital Tract: Unlocking the Current Landscape and Future Directions.Current medical science · 2025Review
- Influence of cervicovaginal microbiota onMicrobial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2025Review
- Dinner date: Neisseria gonorrhoeae central carbon metabolism and pathogenesis.Emerging topics in life sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- Bacterium of one thousand and one variants: genetic diversity ofMicrobial genomics · 2023Review
- Beta lactamase-producingCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2023Article
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection in Women Increases With Rising Gonococcal Burdens in Partners: Chlamydia Coinfection in Women Increases Gonococcal Burden.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of a serogroup B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea: a retrospective observational study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Observational
- Article
- Characterization and Trend of Co-Infection withThe world journal of men's health · 2021Article
- Complement alone drives efficacy of a chimeric antigonococcal monoclonal antibody.PLoS biology · 2019Article
- Review
- Quantitative Proteomics of the 2016 WHOMolecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2019Article
- Chlamydia trachomatis paralyses neutrophils to evade the host innate immune response.Nature microbiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Genital tract infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D to K occur at high incidence in many areas of the world. Despite high rates of coinfection with these pathogens, investigations of host-parasite interactions have focused on each pathogen individually. We describe here a coinfection model in which female BALB/c mice were first infected with the mouse Chlamydia species C. muridarum and then inoculated with N. gonorrhoeae following treatment with water-soluble 17β-estradiol to promote long-term gonococcal infection. Viable gonococci and chlamydiae were recovered for an average of 8 to 10 days, and diplococci and chlamydial inclusions were observed in lower genital tract tissue by immunohistochemical staining. Estradiol treatment reduced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in chlamydia-infected mice; however, coinfected mice had a higher percentage of vaginal neutrophils compared to mice infected with either pathogen alone. We detected no difference in pathogen-specific antibody levels due to coinfection. Interestingly, significantly more gonococci were recovered from coinfected mice compared to mice infected with N. gonorrhoeae alone. We found no evidence that C. muridarum increases gonococcal adherence to, or invasion of, immortalized murine epithelial cells. However, increased vaginal concentrations of inflammatory mediators macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were detected in C. muridarum-infected mice prior to inoculation with N. gonorrhoeae concurrently with the downregulation of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor genes. We conclude that female mice can be successfully infected with both C. muridarum and N. gonorrhoeae and that chlamydia-induced alterations in host innate responses may enhance gonococcal infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.