ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2011
TLR3-specific double-stranded RNA oligonucleotide adjuvants induce dendritic cell cross-presentation, CTL responses, and antiviral protection.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03792724 (Phase I-II Study of Intratumoral Urelumab Combined With Nivolumab in Patients With Solid Tumors), which is not on this map. Cited by 107 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase I-II Study of Intratumoral Urelumab Combined With Nivolumab in Patients With Solid Tumors
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tumor-immune metabolic tug-of-war: from immune escape to targeting metabolic rewiring in cancer therapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Rewriting the dendritic cell code in cancer-from subset identity to immunotherapeutic design.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Dendritic cells steering antigen and leukocyte traffic in lymph nodes.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- ARNAX is an ideal adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccines to enhance antigen-specific CD4Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Cross-priming in cancer immunology and immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- De novo design of protein minibinder agonists of TLR3.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Catch me if you can: viral nucleic acids to host sensors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- MHC class I-dressing is mediated via phosphatidylserine recognition and is enhanced by polyI:C.iScience · 2024Article
- De novo design of protein minibinder agonists of TLR3.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities.EBioMedicine · 2024Review
- In vivo assembly of epitope-coated biopolymer particles that induce anti-tumor responses.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Understanding the impact ofFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2024Review
- Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Understanding nucleic acid sensing and its therapeutic applications.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
- A novel CTLA-4 blocking strategy based on nanobody enhances the activity of dendritic cell vaccine-stimulated antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes.Cell death & disease · 2023Article
- TL-532, a novel specific Toll-like receptor 3 agonist rationally designed for targeting cancers: discovery process and biological characterization.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2023Article
- Two Modes of Th1 Polarization Induced by Dendritic-Cell-Priming Adjuvant in Vaccination.Cells · 2023Review
- TLR3 forms a laterally aligned multimeric complex along double-stranded RNA for efficient signal transduction.Nature communications · 2023Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) to competent APC is essential for the generation of acquired immunity and is a major function of adjuvants. dsRNA, a molecular signature of viral infection, drives DC maturation by activating TLR3, but the size of dsRNA required to activate DC and the expression patterns of TLR3 protein in DC subsets have not been established. In this article, we show that cross-priming CD8α(+) and CD103(+) DC subsets express much greater levels of TLR3 than other DC. In resting DC, TLR3 is located in early endosomes and other intracellular compartments but migrates to LAMP1(+) endosomes on stimulation with a TLR3 ligand. Using homogeneous dsRNA oligonucleotides (ONs) ranging in length from 25 to 540 bp, we observed that a minimum length of ∼90 bp was sufficient to induce CD86, IL-12p40, IFN-β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression, and to mature DC into APC that cross-presented exogenous Ags to CD8(+) T cells. TLR3 was essential for activation of DC by dsRNA ONs, and the potency of activation increased with dsRNA length and varied between DC subsets. In vivo, dsRNA ONs, in a size-dependent manner, served as adjuvants for the generation of Ag-specific CTL and for inducing protection against lethal challenge with influenza virus when given with influenza nucleoprotein as an immunogen. These results provide the basis for the development of TLR3-specific adjuvants capable of inducing immune responses tailored for viral pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.