Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2011
Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: post-intervention outcomes.
Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosocial interventions for stimulant use disorder.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- A review of the literature on contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders, 2009-2014.Preventive medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Long-Term Effects of Incentives for HIV Viral Suppression: A Randomized Clinical Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Cost and cost-effectiveness of abstinence contingent wage supplements.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- A preliminary investigation of schedule parameters on cocaine abstinence in contingency management.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2022Trial
- Abstinence-contingent wage supplements to promote drug abstinence and employment: Post-intervention outcomes.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- An intervention targeting service providers and clients for methadone maintenance treatment in China: a cluster-randomized trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2013Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of childcare discounts on parent participation in preventive parent training in low-income communities.The journal of primary prevention · 2011Trial
- Patterns of HIV viral suppression in a clinical trial evaluating a contingency management intervention.Journal of applied behavior analysisTrial
- Improving translational insight using sequential sampling models in drug choice.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Recovery support services as part of the continuum of care for alcohol or drug use disorders.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Evolution of the substance use landscape: Implications for contingency management.Journal of applied behavior analysis · 2025Review
- Contingency management as a maintenance intervention in the long-term treatment of substance use disorders.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Contingency Management for Drug Use Disorders: Meta-Analysis and Application of Tolin's Criteria.Clinical psychology : a publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review of Treatment Maintenance Strategies in Token Economies: Implications for Contingency Management.Perspectives on behavior science · 2022Review
- Psychometric evaluation of the Reward Probability Index in emerging adult drinkers.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2021Article
- The Utility of Operant Conditioning to Address Poverty and Drug Addiction.Perspectives on behavior science · 2019Article
- Making the hard work of recovery more attractive for those with substance use disorders.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Article
- Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Review
- The Therapeutic Utility of Employment in Treating Drug Addiction: Science to Application.Translational issues in psychological science · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsDue to the chronicity of cocaine dependence, practical and effective maintenance interventions are needed to sustain long-term abstinence. We sought to assess the effects of long-term employment-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence after discontinuation of the intervention.
designParticipants who initiated sustained opiate and cocaine abstinence during a 6-month abstinence reinforcement and training program worked as data entry operators and were randomly assigned to a group that could work independently of drug use (control, n = 24), or an abstinence-contingent employment (n = 27) group that was required to provide cocaine- and opiate-negative urine samples to work and maintain maximum rate of pay.
settingA non-profit data entry business.
participantsUnemployed welfare recipients who persistently used cocaine while in methadone treatment. MEASUREMENTS: Urine samples and self-reports were collected every 6 months for 30 months.
findingsDuring the employment year, abstinence-contingent employment participants provided significantly more cocaine-negative samples than controls (82.7% and 54.2%; P = 0.01, OR = 4.61). During the follow-up year, the groups had similar rates of cocaine-negative samples (44.2% and 50.0%; P = 0.93) and human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors. Participants' social, employment, economic and legal conditions were similar in the two groups across all phases of the study.
conclusionsEmployment-based reinforcement effectively maintains long-term cocaine abstinence, but many patients relapse to use when the abstinence contingency is discontinued, even after a year of abstinence-contingent employment. Relapse could be prevented in many patients by leaving employment-based abstinence reinforcement in place indefinitely, which could be facilitated by integrating it into typical workplaces.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.