ReviewHeredity2011
Haldane's rule in the 21st century.
Review in Heredity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed.
- How population subsampling to concentrate selection effects can help to find epistatic interactions of transmission ratio distortion.Heredity · 2026Article
- Article
- Reproductive Barriers and Genomic Hotspots of Adaptation During Allopatric Species Divergence.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Aberrant X chromosome dosage compensation causes hybrid male inviability inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Hybridization and Asymmetrical Introgression Between the Vulnerable Gray-Headed Chickadee and a More Abundant Congener, the Boreal Chickadee: Implications for Conservation.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- RNA-sequencing Analysis of Hybrid Females Reveals a Dominance of Expression of Alleles From Outcrossing Species Over Those From Selfing Species.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Phylogenomics resolves key relationships inEvolution letters · 2025Article
- Genomic Architecture of the Clownfish Hybrid Amphiprion leucokranos.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Y chromosome introgression between deeply divergent primate species.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Sharp decline in male fertility in F2 hybrids of the female-heterogametic silk moth Bombyx.Genetics · 2024Article
- Increased Evolutionary Rate in the Z chromosome of Sympatric and Allopatric Species of Morpho Butterflies.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Contemporary intergeneric hybridization and backcrossing among birds-of-paradise.Evolution letters · 2024Article
- Beyond Haldane's rule: Sex-biased hybrid dysfunction for all modes of sex determination.eLife · 2024Review
- Fisher's Geometric Model as a Tool to Study Speciation.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Long-term female bias in sex ratios across life stages of Harpy Eagle, a large raptor exhibiting reverse sexual size dimorphism.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- A polygenic explanation for Haldane's rule in butterflies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- New species based on the biological species concept within the complex ofEcology and evolution · 2023Article
- 100 years of Haldane's rule.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2023Review
- Sex-biased expression is associated with chromatin state inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Haldane's Rule (HR), which states that 'when in the offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous (heterogametic) sex', is one of the most general patterns in speciation biology. We review the literature of the past 15 years and find that among the ∼85 new studies, many consider taxa that traditionally have not been the focus for HR investigations. The new studies increased to nine, the number of 'phylogenetically independent' groups that comply with HR. They continue to support the dominance and faster-male theories as explanations for HR, although due to increased reliance on indirect data (from, for example, differential introgression of cytoplasmic versus chromosomal loci in natural hybrid zones) unambiguous novel results are rare. We further highlight how research on organisms with sex determination systems different from those traditionally considered may lead to more insight in the underlying causes of HR. In particular, haplodiploid organisms provide opportunities for testing specific predictions of the dominance and faster X chromosome theory, and we present new data that show that the faster-male component of HR is supported in hermaphrodites, suggesting that genes involved in male function may evolve faster than those expressed in the female function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.