ReviewJournal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)2011
Difficulties with differentiating botulinum toxin treatment effects in essential blepharospasm.
Review in Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03508882 (Pretarsal Versus Preseptal Botulinum Toxin for Patients With Eyelid Spasm), which is not on this map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pretarsal Versus Preseptal Botulinum Toxin for Patients With Eyelid Spasm: a Randomized, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Clinical Trial
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dystonia rating scales: critique and recommendations.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2013Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of IncobotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter, Phase 3 Study in Japan.Toxins · 2026Trial
- Double-blind, randomised, parallel group pilot study comparing two botulinum toxin type A products for the treatment of blepharospasm.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2011Trial
- Depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients with benign essential blepharospasm under long-term therapy with botulinum toxin.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Article
- Article
- An Empirical Comparison of Commonly Used Universal Rating Scales for Dystonia.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2023Article
- Evaluation of non-motor symptoms in cervical dystonia, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm patients and their correlation with motor symptoms.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Observational
- Botulinum Neurotoxin Type a Injection Combined with Absorbable Punctal Plug Insertion: An Effective Therapy for Blepharospasm Patients with Dry Eye.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Preseptal and Pretarsal Botulinum Toxin Injection in Hemifacial Spasm and Blepharospasm: A 10-Year Comparative Study.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2023Article
- THE EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM.Acta clinica Croatica · 2022Article
- Article
- Validation of a new hemifacial spasm grading questionnaire (HFS score) assessing clinical and quality of life parameters.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Article
- Review
- Altered Functional Connectivity and Sensory Processing in Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm: Coexistence and Difference.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Evaluation of botulinum toxin effects in hemifacial spasm patients: correlation between clinical rating scales and high-speed video system measurements.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2020Article
- Article
- Blepharospasm: long-term treatment with either Botox®, Xeomin® or Dysport®.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2015Article
- Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: a review of the evidence.Biologics : targets & therapy · 2014Review
- The focal dystonias: current views and challenges for future research.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2013Review
- Botulinum toxin in hemifacial spasm: the challenge to assess the effect of treatment.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia in which the extraocular muscles contract repetitively, leading to excessive blinking and forced eyelid closure. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) is the primary symptomatic treatment for blepharospasm and its effects have been evaluated using numerous rating scales. The main scales in use today were initially used to determine whether BoNTA treatment was superior to placebo, and most controlled trials have confirmed this. More recently, these scales have been used to determine whether there are efficacy differences between different BoNTs in blepharospasm. However, although the scales used in these trials are able to differentiate the effects of BoNT from placebo, they may not be sensitive enough to differentiate between BoNTs. Most of the scales include only four possible points for each item, which would necessitate a 25% greater improvement in one group than the other to detect any differences. Current scales are also relatively insensitive to patients with mild disability who may experience mainly psychosocial problems related to their blepharospasm. Clinical trials comparing BoNTs that include substantial numbers of mildly affected patients may be unlikely to find differences because the scales do not adequately measure mild symptoms. Additional challenges with evaluating blepharospasm include the lack of precision and objectivity of current measures, symptom variability, the need to evaluate aspects of the disorder that are most important to patients, and the different types of blepharospasm. Although no single scale may be able to capture all relevant aspects of blepharospasm, more sensitive and patient-centered scales are needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.