ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2011
Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ CD70-.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 369 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
369 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 594 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum autoantibodyome reveals that healthy individuals share common autoantibodies.Cell reports · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Article
- B1 Cells for Life.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Prenatal training grounds: the developmental origins of chronic immune disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- B Cell Subsets and Atherosclerosis: Updates and Emerging Concepts.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- A distinct TCRiScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Strong constitutive NF-κB signaling in B cells drives SLL/CLL-like lymphomagenesis and overcomes microenvironmental dependencies.Leukemia · 2026Article
- Circulating immune cell phenotypes are associated with inflammatory biomarkers in dementia-free participants from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- [Regulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on B1 cells and Tfh cells in children with systemic lupus erythematosus].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in cryptococcal meningitis differ by HIV status: A cross-sectional analysis.Medical mycology · 2026Article
- Article
- Do human B-1 lymphocytes truly exist?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The normal human lymph node cell classification and landscape defined by high-dimensional spatial proteomics.PloS one · 2026Article
- Immunogenic cell death and tertiary lymphoid structures jointly define dysregulated antitumor immune states and therapeutic vulnerability in lung adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune Cells in Preeclampsia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Roles of endothelial cells during infection.Current opinion in immunology · 2025Review
- IgMScientific reports · 2025Article
- Regulators and Conductors of Immunity: Natural Immune System in Health and Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
309 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
B1 cells differ in many ways from conventional B cells, most prominently in the production of natural immunoglobulin, which is vitally important for protection against pathogens. B1 cells have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune dyscrasias and malignant diseases. It has been impossible to accurately study B1 cells during health and illness because the nature of human B1 cells has not been successfully defined. This has produced controversy regarding the existence of human B1 cells. Here, we determined the phenotype of human B1 cells by testing sort-purified B cell fractions for three fundamental B1 cell functions based on mouse studies: spontaneous IgM secretion, efficient T cell stimulation, and tonic intracellular signaling. We found that a small population of CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+) cells present in both umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood fulfilled these criteria and expressed a skewed B cell receptor repertoire. These B cells express little or no surface CD69 and CD70, both of which are markedly up-regulated after activation of CD20(+)CD27(-)CD43(-) (naive) and CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(-) (memory) B cells. This work identifies human B1 cells as CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-). We determined that the proportion of B1 cells declines with age, which may contribute to disease susceptibility. Identification of human B1 cells provides a foundation for future studies on the nature and role of these cells in human disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.