ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Pack-Mutator-like transposable elements (Pack-MULEs) induce directional modification of genes through biased insertion and DNA acquisition.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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43 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rapid GC content evolution in rice through GC-biased gene conversion and selection for translation efficiency.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Local gene duplications drive extensive NLR copy number variation across multiple genotypes of Theobroma cacao.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Long-read detection of transposable element mobilization in the soma of hypomethylated Arabidopsis thaliana individuals.Genome biology · 2025Article
- The role of mobile DNA elements in the dynamics of plant genome plasticity.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Review
- A multidisciplinary and integrative review of the structural genome and epigenome of Capsicum L. species.Planta · 2025Review
- Independent evolution of transposase and TIRs facilitated by recombination betweenProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Genome Size Changes by Duplication, Divergence, and Insertion in Caenorhabditis Worms.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Distinct composition and amplification dynamics of transposable elements in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.).The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2022Article
- The widespread nature of Pack-TYPE transposons reveals their importance for plant genome evolution.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- Hundreds of Out-of-Frame Remodeled Gene Families in the Escherichia coli Pangenome.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- The genomic ecosystem of transposable elements in maize.PLoS genetics · 2021Article
- DNA transposons mediate duplications via transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms in metazoans.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Advances in Cereal Crop Genomics for Resilience under Climate Change.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- How the pan-genome is changing crop genomics and improvement.Genome biology · 2021Review
- Transposable elements employ distinct integration strategies with respect to transcriptional landscapes in eukaryotic genomes.Nucleic acids research · 2020Article
- GPRED-GC: a Gene PREDiction model accounting for 5BMC bioinformatics · 2019Article
- GingerRoot: A Novel DNA Transposon Encoding Integrase-Related Transposase in Plants and Animals.Genome biology and evolution · 2019Article
- Giant Transposons in Eukaryotes: Is Bigger Better?Genome biology and evolution · 2019Review
- Mobilization of Pack-CACTA transposons in Arabidopsis suggests the mechanism of gene shuffling.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- CsMYB60 is a key regulator of flavonols and proanthocyanidans that determine the colour of fruit spines in cucumber.Journal of experimental botany · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In monocots, many genes demonstrate a significant negative GC gradient, meaning that the GC content declines along the orientation of transcription. Such a gradient is not observed in the genes of the dicot plant Arabidopsis. In addition, a lack of homology is often observed when comparing the 5' end of the coding region of orthologous genes in rice and Arabidopsis. The reasons for these differences have been enigmatic. The presence of GC-rich sequences at the 5' end of genes may influence the conformation of chromatin, the expression level of genes, as well as the recombination rate. Here we show that Pack-Mutator-like transposable elements (Pack-MULEs) that carry gene fragments specifically acquire GC-rich fragments and preferentially insert into the 5' end of genes. The resulting Pack-MULEs form independent, GC-rich transcripts with a negative GC gradient. Alternatively, the Pack-MULEs evolve into additional exons at the 5' end of existing genes, thus altering the GC content in those regions. We demonstrate that Pack-MULEs modify the 5' end of genes and are at least partially responsible for the negative GC gradient of genes in grasses. Such a unique and global impact on gene composition and gene structure has not been observed for any other transposable elements.
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