ArticleBiology of sex differences2010
The impact of sex, gender and pregnancy on 2009 H1N1 disease.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multimodal immune phenotyping of maternal peripheral blood in normal human pregnancy.JCI insight · 2020Trial
- Contemporary disasters may not kill more women than men: an empirical inquiry into sex-differentiated fatalities in the twenty-first century.Disasters · 2026Article
- Gender differences and psychosocial stress in upper respiratory tract infections: insights from healthy and hematological cancer cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in antibody responses to influenza A/H3N2 across the life course.Research square · 2025Article
- Pre-COVID-19 epidemiology of community respiratory viruses at a single US center reveals sex differences in influenza A and a higher ICU incidence of human metapneumovirus in the elderly population.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effects of pregnancy on breast cancer immunology: immune biomarker and TIL quantification.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Hospitalization due to pneumonia in Australia, England, and Wales: An ecological cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2025Article
- [Excess mortality in winter in Argentina from 1997 to 2017: an approach based on public health and an epistemic dispute from the Global South].Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- A dynamic peripheral immune landscape during human pregnancy.Fundamental research · 2025Article
- Independent effects of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosomes on gene expression in immune cells of trans- and cisgender individuals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Article
- Obesity amplifies influenza virus-driven disease severity in male and female mice.Mucosal immunology · 2023Article
- Association of Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and COVID-19 with Poor Pregnancy Outcome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Etiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors associated with severe influenza-like illnesses in Mexican adults.IJID regions · 2023Article
- Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Disease parameters following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection are similar in male and female BALB/C mice.PloS one · 2023Article
- My story of sex, gender, and women's health in a pandemic.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex-specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Children and young adults of reproductive age have emerged as groups that are highly vulnerable to the current 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The sex of an individual is a fundamental factor that can influence exposure, susceptibility and immune responses to influenza. Worldwide, the incidence, disease burden, morbidity and mortality rates following exposure to the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus differ between males and females and are often age-dependent. Pregnancy and differences in the presentation of various risk factors contribute to the worse outcome of infection in women. Vaccination and antiviral treatment efficacy also vary in a sex-dependent manner. Finally, sex-specific genetic and hormonal differences may contribute to the severity of influenza and the clearance of viral infection. The contribution of sex and gender to influenza can only be determined by a greater consideration of these factors in clinical and epidemiological studies and increased research into the biological basis underlying these differences.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.