ArticleBiology of sex differences2011
Sex differences in autoimmune diseases.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 244 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of food hypersensitivity in children with the risk of autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuroepidemiology · 2011Pooled it
- Temporal trends in mortality attributable to atrial fibrillation among adults with acute renal failure in the United States, 1999-2024.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Genetic susceptibility shaped by biological state: beyond gene-environment interaction.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Immune responses to infection and autoimmune diseases in the UK biobank.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Season-dependent low basal CD86 expression promotes immune cell activation upon treatment with plasma-derived factor Ⅷ products.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Article
- PLX3397-Induced Microglial Ablation Alters Adipose Tissue Accumulation in a Male-Female-Dependent Manner Under High-Energy-Diet Feeding.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Exogenous estrogen enhances T cell activation in male primates.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Predictive Role of Systemic Inflammatory Indices in Surgically Managed Postpericardiotomy Syndrome Following Cardiac Surgery.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The phenotypic and genetic association between endometriosis and immunological diseases.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Androgen receptors in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons mediate the sexual dimorphism in restraint-induced thymic atrophy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Anti-Cytokine Active Immunotherapy Based on Supramolecular Peptides for Alleviating IL-1β-Mediated Inflammation.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Article
- Wild capuchin monkeys as a model system for investigating the social and ecological determinants of ageing.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Sex differences in postacute infection syndromes.Science translational medicine · 2024Article
- The diagnostic challenge of coexisting systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis in a young male: Rare but real.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Cardio-rheumatology: the cardiovascular, pharmacological, and surgical risks associated with rheumatological diseases in women.Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology · 2024Review
- Alterations in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis as a Response to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis inBiomolecules · 2024Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Women are more susceptible to a variety of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This increased susceptibility in females compared to males is also present in animal models of autoimmune diseases such as spontaneous SLE in (NZBxNZW)F1 and NZM.2328 mice, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice, thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice and diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Indeed, being female confers a greater risk of developing these diseases than any single genetic or environmental risk factor discovered to date. Understanding how the state of being female so profoundly affects autoimmune disease susceptibility would accomplish two major goals. First, it would lead to an insight into the major pathways of disease pathogenesis and, secondly, it would likely lead to novel treatments which would disrupt such pathways.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.