ArticleFrontiers in neurology2010
Spasticity mechanisms - for the clinician.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 103 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of EXOPULSE Mollii Suit on Motor Functions in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (EXOSEP 2)
The Effects of EXOPULSE Mollii Suit on Spasticity and Muscular Oxygenation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.
The Effects of EXOPULSE Mollii Suit on Motor Functions in Patients With Stroke (EXOSTROKE 2)"
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 280 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabinoid Activity-Is There a Causal Connection to Spasmolysis in Clinical Studies?Biomolecules · 2021Pooled it
- Systematic review on use and efficacy of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) for the management of spasticity in non-pediatric patients.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Pooled it
- Robot-Aided Systems for Improving the Assessment of Upper Limb Spasticity: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Pooled it
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Spasticity After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Is somatosensory electrical stimulation effective in relieving spasticity? A systematic review.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2019Pooled it
- Pharmacological interventions other than botulinum toxin for spasticity after stroke.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Chemodenervation for treatment of limb spasticity following spinal cord injury: a systematic review.Spinal cord · 2015Pooled it
- Non pharmacological interventions for spasticity in multiple sclerosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- Anti-spastic effect of contralesional dorsal premotor cortex stimulation in stroke patients with moderate-to-severe spastic paresis: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2023Trial
- Augmented efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the virtual reality-based cycling training for upper limb function in patients with stroke: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2021Trial
- Cortical and spinal excitability changes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined to physiotherapy in stroke spastic patients.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2019Trial
- Intermittent theta burst stimulation enhances upper limb motor function in patients with chronic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial.BMC neurology · 2019Trial
- Neuromuscular magnetic stimulation counteracts muscle decline in ALS patients: results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Comparison of Diaphragmatic Stretch Technique and Manual Diaphragm Release Technique on Diaphragmatic Excursion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Pulmonary medicine · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Effects of aerobic training combined with respiratory muscle stretching on the functional exercise capacity and thoracoabdominal kinematics in patients with COPD: a randomized and controlled trial.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2016Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Negative Pressure Treatment on Spasticity and Spasticity-Related Symptoms in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Two-Arm Randomized Trial.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Prehabilitation for Pressure Ulcer Surgery: A Practical and Evidence-based Guide.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Building a pediatric spasticity surgery program in a low-awareness setting: capacity creation, multidisciplinary integration, and early outcomes.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Galvanic vestibular stimulation reveals disruption of ipsilesional brainstem pathways in hemiparetic stroke survivors.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spasticity, a classical clinical manifestation of an upper motor neuron lesion, has been traditionally and physiologically defined as a velocity dependent increase in muscle tone caused by the increased excitability of the muscle stretch reflex. Clinically spasticity manifests as an increased resistance offered by muscles to passive stretching (lengthening) and is often associated with other commonly observed phenomenon like clasp-knife phenomenon, increased tendon reflexes, clonus, and flexor and extensor spasms. The key to the increased excitability of the muscle stretch reflex (muscle tone) is the abnormal activity of muscle spindles which have an intricate relation with the innervations of the extrafusal muscle fibers at the spinal level (feed-back and feed-forward circuits) which are under influence of the supraspinal pathways (inhibitory and facilitatory). The reflex hyperexcitability develops over variable period of time following the primary lesion (brain or spinal cord) and involves adaptation in spinal neuronal circuitries caudal to the lesion. It is highly likely that in humans, reduction of spinal inhibitory mechanisms (in particular that of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition) is involved. While simply speaking the increased muscle stretch reflex may be assumed to be due to an altered balance between the innervations of intra and extrafusal fibers in a muscle caused by loss of inhibitory supraspinal control, the delayed onset after lesion and the frequent reduction in reflex excitability over time, suggest plastic changes in the central nervous system following brain or spinal lesion. It seems highly likely that multiple mechanisms are operative in causation of human spasticity, many of which still remain to be fully elucidated. This will be apparent from the variable mechanisms of actions of anti-spasticity agents used in clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.