ArticlePhysiological genomics2011
Short-term administration of rhGH increases markers of cellular proliferation but not milk protein gene expression in normal lactating women.
Article in Physiological genomics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The utility of breastmilk for genetic or genomic studies: a systematic review.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2013Pooled it
- Breastfeeding in panhypopituitarism: a case report, review of the literature, and management checklist.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Review
- Double-Gene Copromoting Expression Analysis in tPA/GH Transgenic Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells and Thrombolytic Activity of tPA In Vitro.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- Manipulation of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor (GH-IGF) Axis: A Treatment Strategy to Reverse the Effects of Early Life Developmental Programming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
- Pathophysiology Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatments and Potential Novel Therapeutics.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2017Review
- Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2016Review
- Production GH transgenic goat improving mammogenesis by somatic cell nuclear transfer.Molecular biology reports · 2014Article
- Regulation of lipid synthesis genes and milk fat production in human mammary epithelial cells during secretory activation.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2013Article
- Article
- Gene regulation of UDP-galactose synthesis and transport: potential rate-limiting processes in initiation of milk production in humans.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Growth hormone is one of few pharmacologic agents known to augment milk production in humans. We hypothesized that recombinant human GH (rhGH) increases the expression of cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis genes. Sequential milk and blood samples collected over four days were obtained from five normal lactating women. Following 24 h of baseline milk and blood sampling, rhGH (0.1 mg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously once daily for 3 days. Gene expression changes were determined by microarray studies utilizing milk fat globule RNA isolated from each milk sample. Following rhGH administration, DNA synthesis and cell cycle genes were induced, while no significant changes were observed in the expression of milk synthesis genes. Expression of glycolysis and citric acid cycle genes were increased by day 4 compared with day 1, while lipid synthesis genes displayed a circadian-like pattern. Cell cycle gene upregulation occurred after a lag of ∼2 days, likely explaining the failure to increase milk production after only 3 days of rhGH treatment. We conclude that rhGH induces expression of cellular proliferation and metabolism genes but does not induce milk protein gene expression, as potential mechanisms for increasing milk production and could account for the known effect of rhGH to increase milk production following 7-10 days.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.