ArticleArchives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine2011
Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States.
Article in Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 202 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predisposing Factors of Nosocomial Infections in Hospitalized Patients in the United Kingdom: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Pooled it
- Incidence and Outcomes Associated With Clostridium difficile Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2020Pooled it
- Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Guideline
- Cost of hospital management of Clostridium difficile infection in United States-a meta-analysis and modelling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Pooled it
- The economic impact of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2015Pooled it
- The impact of Clostridium difficile on paediatric surgical practice: a systematic review.Pediatric surgery international · 2014Pooled it
- Article
- Early-Life β-Lactam Exposure and the Developing Microbiome: Clinical Relevance and Controversies.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients (Review).Biomedical reports · 2024Review
- Clostridioides difficile Infection in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Current gastroenterology reports · 2023Review
- Epidemiology of Primary and Recurrent Healthcare-Associated and Community-Associated Pediatric Clostridioides difficile Infection in Canada, 2015-2020.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2023Article
- Nightmare in the ward: difficultEuropean heart journal supplements : journal of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- Clostridioides difficile Infection in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: Comparisons of Epidemiology, Testing, and Treatment from 2013 to 2019.The Journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Article
- Black Seed Oil, Bentonite Clay, and Probiotics: A Comprehensive Holistic Cure forCase reports in infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Immunocompromised Children.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Article
- Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate the trend in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among hospitalized children in the United States and to evaluate the severity of and risk factors associated with these cases of CDI.
designA retrospective cohort study using the triennial Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for the years 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006.
settingHospitalized children in the United States.
participantsA nationally weighted number of patients (10 474 454) discharged from the hospital, 21 274 of whom had CDI. MAIN EXPOSURE: Discharge diagnosis of CDI.
main outcome measuresTrend in cases of CDI; effect and severity were measured by length of hospital stay, hospitalization charges, colectomy rate, and death rate.
resultsThere was an increasing trend in cases of CDI, from 3565 cases in 1997 to 7779 cases in 2006 (P < .001). Patients with CDI had an increased risk of death (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.01-1.43), colectomy (adjusted OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.04-1.79), a longer length of hospital stay (adjusted OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 3.97-4.83), and higher hospitalization charges (adjusted OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.98-2.26). There was no trend in death, colectomy, length of hospital stay, or hospitalization charges during the 4 time periods (ie, 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006). The risk of comorbid diagnoses associated with CDI included inflammatory bowel disease, with an OR of 11.42 (95% CI, 10.16-12.83), and other comorbid diagnoses associated with immunosuppression or antibiotic administration.
conclusionsThere is an increasing trend in CDI among hospitalized children, and this disease is having a significant effect on these children. In contrast to adults, there is no increasing trend in the severity of CDI in children. Children with medical conditions (including inflammatory bowel disease and immunosuppression) or conditions requiring antibiotic administration are at high risk of CDI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.