ArticleDose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society2010
TNF-α and Microglial Hormetic Involvement in Neurological Health & Migraine.
Article in Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adverse events of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β) 252A>G polymorphism on the development of migraine: a meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- TNF overproduction impairs epithelial staphylococcal response in hyper IgE syndrome.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Trial
- Ginkgo Seed as Medicine-Food Homology for Migraine: Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Experimental and Clinical Investigation of Cytokines in Migraine: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Immunologic aspects of migraine: A review of literature.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Role of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Permutability on Migraine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
- Environmental Enrichment and Its Benefits for Migraine: Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles as an Effective Mimetic.Journal of cellular immunology · 2021Article
- The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Review
- Microglia P2X4 receptor contributes to central sensitization following recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2018Article
- Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy for Migraine Prevention: From Pathophysiology to New Drugs.Drugs · 2018Review
- Intranasally administered IGF-1 inhibits spreading depression in vivo.Brain research · 2017Article
- Immunomodulatory Effect of Toll-Like Receptor-3 Ligand Poly I:C on Cortical Spreading Depression.Molecular neurobiology · 2016Article
- A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial to determine the efficacy and safety of ibudilast, a potential glial attenuator, in chronic migraine.Journal of pain research · 2016Article
- Phasic Treatment with Interferon Gamma Stimulates Release of Exosomes that Protect Against Spreading Depression.Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 2015Article
- Spreading depression transiently disrupts myelin via interferon-gamma signaling.Experimental neurology · 2015Article
- Article
- What are exosomes and how can they be used in multiple sclerosis therapy?Expert review of neurotherapeutics · 2014Article
- Insulin-like growth factor-1 abrogates microglial oxidative stress and TNF-α responses to spreading depression.Journal of neurochemistry · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Environmental enrichment, i.e., increased intellectual, social, and physical activity makes brain more resilient to subsequent neurological disease. The mechanisms for this effect remain incompletely defined, but evidence shows tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is involved. TNF-α, at acutely high levels, possesses the intrinsic capacity to enhance injury associated with neurological disease. Conversely, the effect of TNF-α at low-levels is nutritive over time, consistent with physiological conditioning hormesis. Evidence shows that neural activity triggers low-level pro-inflammatory signaling involving TNF-α. This low-level TNF-α signaling alters gene expression, resulting in an enhanced resilience to disease. Brain-immune signaling may become maladaptive when increased activity is chronic without sufficient periods of reduced activity necessary for nutritive adaptation. Such tonically increased activity may explain, for example, the transformation of episodic to chronic migraine with related increased susceptibility to spreading depression, the most likely underlying cause of this malady. Thus, TNF-α, whose function is to alter gene expression, and its principal cellular source, microglia, seem powerfully positioned to orchestrate hormetic immune signaling that establishes the phenotype of neurological health and disease from brain activity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.