ArticleJournal of virology2011
Origin and evolution of HIV-1 in breast milk determined by single-genome amplification and sequencing.
Article in Journal of virology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal and Breastmilk Viral Load: Impacts of Adherence on Peripartum HIV Infections Averted-The Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Trial
- Review
- Differences in neutralization susceptibility between clade C HIV viruses from breastmilk versus contemporaneous circulating viruses from sexually acquired infections.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Vertical HIV-1 Transmission in the Setting of Maternal Broad and Potent Antibody Responses.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Unique genotypic features of HIV-1 C gp41 membrane proximal external region variants during pregnancy relate to mother-to-child transmission via breastfeeding.Journal of clinical pediatrics and neonatology · 2021Article
- Compartmentalization and Clonal Amplification of HIV-1 in the Male Genital Tract Characterized Using Next-Generation Sequencing.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Observational
- Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Breastmilk, Maternal HIV Viral Load, and HIV Transmission to the Infant: Results From the BAN Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
- A CD4-mimetic compound enhances vaccine efficacy against stringent immunodeficiency virus challenge.Nature communications · 2018Article
- The Impact of IgG transplacental transfer on early life immunity.ImmunoHorizons · 2018Article
- Article
- Breast milk and in utero transmission of HIV-1 select for envelope variants with unique molecular signatures.Retrovirology · 2017Article
- Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Innate Immune System of Human Milk: Working Together to Protect Infants against Inflammation, HIV-1, and Other Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The well-tempered SIV infection: Pathogenesis of SIV infection in natural hosts in the wild, with emphasis on virus transmission and early events post-infection that may contribute to protection from disease progression.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Variants Anatomically Compartmentalized in Plasma and Milk in Chronically Infected African Green Monkeys.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Envelope-specific B-cell populations in African green monkeys chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.Nature communications · 2016Article
- The function and affinity maturation of HIV-1 gp120-specific monoclonal antibodies derived from colostral B cells.Mucosal immunology · 2016Article
- Maternal Neutralization-Resistant Virus Variants Do Not Predict Infant HIV Infection Risk.mBio · 2016Article
- Use of Dried Blood Spots to Elucidate Full-Length Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Genomes.Pathogens & immunity · 2016Article
- Phylogenetics and Phyloanatomy of HIV/SIV Intra-Host Compartments and Reservoirs: The Key Role of the Central Nervous System.Current HIV research · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
HIV transmission via breastfeeding accounts for a considerable proportion of infant HIV acquisition. However, the origin and evolution of the virus population in breast milk, the likely reservoir of transmitted virus variants, are not well characterized. In this study, HIV envelope (env) genes were sequenced from virus variants amplified by single-genome amplification from plasmas and milk of 12 chronically HIV-infected, lactating Malawian women. Maximum likelihood trees and statistical tests of compartmentalization revealed interspersion of plasma and milk HIV env sequences in the majority of subjects, indicating limited or no compartmentalization of milk virus variants. However, phylogenetic tree analysis further revealed monotypic virus variants that were significantly more frequent in milk (median proportion of identical viruses, 29.5%; range, 0 to 61%) than in plasma (median proportion of identical viruses, 0%; range, 0 to 26%) (P = 0.002), suggesting local virus replication in the breast milk compartment. Moreover, clonally amplified virus env genes in milk produced functional virus Envs that were all CCR5 tropic. Milk and plasma virus Envs had similar predicted phenotypes and neutralization sensitivities to broadly neutralizing antibodies in both transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. Finally, phylogenetic comparison of longitudinal milk and plasma virus env sequences revealed synchronous virus evolution and new clonal amplification of evolved virus env genes in milk. The limited compartmentalization and the clonal amplification of evolving, functional viruses in milk indicate continual seeding of the mammary gland by blood virus variants, followed by transient local replication of these variants in the breast milk compartment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.