ArticleNeurobiology of aging2012
The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane increases levels of proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
Article in Neurobiology of aging, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 137 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
137 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 251 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of neuromuscular blockade depth on postoperative systemic cytokine release: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2026Pooled it
- Sevoflurane and desflurane effects on early cognitive function after low-risk surgery: A randomized clinical trial.Brain and behavior · 2023Trial
- Effects of deep neuromuscular blockade on the stress response during laparoscopic gastrectomy Randomized controlled trials.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Effects of anesthetic isoflurane and desflurane on human cerebrospinal fluid Aβ and τ level.Anesthesiology · 2013Trial
- The effects of isoflurane and desflurane on cognitive function in humans.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2012Trial
- The role of sphingolipids in major depressive disorder and associated cognitive impairment: interactions with monoaminergic signaling, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Androstenediol repelled isoflurane-induced behavioral and cognitive insults in neonatal rats: investigating the role of estrogen receptor beta.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization in three different anaesthesia protocols administered to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Inhaled General Anesthetics in Alzheimer's Disease Progression: Divergent Effects, Underlying Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Secondary thalamic neuroinflammation associates with disturbed corticothalamic connectivity in a model of severe traumatic brain injury in male rats-a longitudinal study.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic profile of the hippocampus of rat strains with contrasting nervous system excitability.PloS one · 2026Article
- Temporal profiling of myocardial inflammation and recovery in a murine model of cardiac arrest and adrenaline exposure.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Assessing potential desflurane-induced neurotoxicity using nonhuman primate neural stem cell models.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Complement receptorBrain communications · 2025Article
- Microglia in the aged brain develop a hypoactive molecular phenotype after surgery.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Effects of anesthesia with sevoflurane on outcome parameters in murine experimental studies.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2024Article
- Damage-associated molecular patterns as a mechanism of sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation in neonatal rodents.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2024Article
- General anesthetic agents induce neurotoxicity through oligodendrocytes in the developing brain.Zoological research · 2024Review
- Microglia enhance post-anesthesia neuronal activity by shielding inhibitory synapses.Nature neuroscience · 2024Article
77 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Anesthetics have been reported to promote Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathogenesis by inducing β-amyloid protein accumulation and apoptosis. Neuroinflammation is associated with the emergence of AD. We therefore set out to determine the effects of the common anesthetic isoflurane on the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, the proinflammatory cytokines, in vitro and in vivo, employing Western blot, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Here, we show that a clinically relevant isoflurane anesthesia increased the protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the brain tissues of mice. The isoflurane anesthesia increased the amounts of TNF-α immunostaining positive cells in the brain tissues of mice, the majority of which were neurons. Furthermore, isoflurane increased TNF-α levels in primary neurons, but not microglia cells, of mice. Finally, isoflurane induced a greater degree of TNF-α increase in the AD transgenic mice than in the wild-type mice. These results suggest that isoflurane may increase the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which may cause neuroinflammation, leading to promotion of AD neuropathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.