ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Holin triggering in real time.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of a Bovine-DerivedMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Phage N4 uses a SAR endolysin-holin system for host cell lysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A targeted cell lysis mechanism facilitates toxin release in Clostridioides difficile.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- High-yield bioproduction of virus-free virus-like P4-EKORhE multi-lysin transducing particles as an antimicrobial gene therapeutic.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The short cytoplasmic region of phage T4 holin is essential for the transition from impermeable membrane protein complexes to permeable pores.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- SXP01: a novel bacteriophage for combatingFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of precise timing in cell lysis.Biophysical journal · 2024Article
- From DNA to lytic proteins: transcription and translation of the bacteriophage T5 holin/endolysin operon.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2024Article
- Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Virulent Phage ASG01 ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- Yersinia entomophaga Tc toxin is released by T10SS-dependent lysis of specialized cell subpopulations.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Archaeal virus entry and egress.microLife · 2024Review
- A dimeric holin/antiholin complex controls lysis by phage T4.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Bacteriophage therapy for drug-resistantFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Molecular Machinery of the Triad Holin, Endolysin, and Spanin: Key Players Orchestrating Bacteriophage-Induced Cell Lysis and their Therapeutic Applications.Protein and peptide letters · 2024Review
- Characterization of the LysP2110-HolP2110 Lysis System inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Lytic Phage, vB_PseuP-SA22, and Its Efficacy against Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Topological examination of the bacteriophage lambda S holin by EPR spectroscopy.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes · 2023Article
- The linear framework II: using graph theory to analyse the transient regime of Markov processes.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
During λ infections, the holin S105 accumulates harmlessly in the membrane until, at an allele-specific time, suddenly triggering to form irregular holes of unprecedented size (>300 nm), releasing the endolysin from the cytoplasm, resulting in lysis within seconds. Here we used a functional S105-GFP chimera and real-time deconvolution fluorescence microscopy to show that the S105-GFP fusion accumulated in a uniformly distributed fashion, until suddenly, within 1 min, it formed aggregates, or rafts, at the time of lethal triggering. Moreover, the isogenic fusion to a nonlethal S105 mutant remained uniformly distributed, whereas a fusion to an early-lysing mutant showed early triggering and early raft formation. Protein accumulation rates of the WT, early, and nonlethal alleles were identical. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) revealed that the nonlethal mutant and untriggered WT hybrids were highly mobile in the membrane, whereas the WT raft was essentially immobile. Finally, an antiholin allele, S105(ΔTMD1)-mcherryfp, in the product of which the S105 sequence deleted for the first transmembrane domain was fused to mCherryFP. This hybrid retained full antiholin activity, in that it blocked lethal hole formation by the S105-GFP fusion, accumulated uniformly throughout the host membrane and prevented the S105-GFP protein from forming rafts. These findings suggest that phage lysis occurs when the holin reaches a critical concentration and nucleates to form rafts, analogous to the initiation of purple membrane formation after the induction of bacteriorhodopsin in halobacteria. This model for holin function may be relevant for processes in mammalian cells, including the release of nonenveloped viruses and apoptosis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.