Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21187411›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011

Misfolded proteins impose a dosage-dependent fitness cost and trigger a cytosolic unfolded protein response in yeast.

Kerry A Geiler-Samerotte, Michael F Dion, Bogdan A Budnik, Stephanie M Wang, Daniel L Hartl, D Allan Drummond

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 171 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
171citing papers in PubMed
8.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

171 citing papers in PubMed, 323 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
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  5. Contrasting pH optima of β-lactamases CTX-M and CMY influenceApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026
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  10. In silico evolution of globular protein folds from random sequences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
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111 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Kerry A Geiler-SamerotteDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Michael F Dion
Bogdan A Budnik
Stephanie M Wang
Daniel L Hartl
D Allan Drummond
Center for Systems Biology · USHarvard University · US

Funding

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL MODULESP50GM068763 · NIGMS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY · PI BENENSON, YAAKOV · 2003 to 2012
$28.9M
The biophysical basis of translational selectionR01GM088344 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI BARRICK, JEFFREY EVAN, WILKE, CLAUS O · 2009 to 2023
$3.5M
Evolution of Genome IncompatibilitiesR01GM065169 · NIGMS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY · PI HARTL, DANIEL L · 2003 to 2011
$2.5M
The Evolution of Malerial Antifiolate ResistanceR01GM079536 · NIGMS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY · PI HARTL, DANIEL L · 2007 to 2011
$1.3M
NIGMS NIH HHS 1R01GM088344-01NIGMS NIH HHS GM065169NIGMS NIH HHS GM079536NIGMS NIH HHS P50 GM068763NIGMS NIH HHS P50GM068763NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM065169NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM079536NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM088344
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Evolving lineages face a constant intracellular threat: most new coding sequence mutations destabilize the folding of the encoded protein. Misfolded proteins form insoluble aggregates and are hypothesized to be intrinsically cytotoxic. Here, we experimentally isolate a fitness cost caused by toxicity of misfolded proteins. We exclude other costs of protein misfolding, such as loss of functional protein or attenuation of growth-limiting protein synthesis resources, by comparing growth rates of budding yeast expressing folded or misfolded variants of a gratuitous protein, YFP, at equal levels. We quantify a fitness cost that increases with misfolded protein abundance, up to as much as a 3.2% growth rate reduction when misfolded YFP represents less than 0.1% of total cellular protein. Comparable experiments on variants of the yeast gene orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (URA3) produce similar results. Quantitative proteomic measurements reveal that, within the cell, misfolded YFP induces coordinated synthesis of interacting cytosolic chaperone proteins in the absence of a wider stress response, providing evidence for an evolved modular response to misfolded proteins in the cytosol. These results underscore the distinct and evolutionarily relevant molecular threat of protein misfolding, independent of protein function. Assuming that most misfolded proteins impose similar costs, yeast cells express almost all proteins at steady-state levels sufficient to expose their encoding genes to selection against misfolding, lending credibility to the recent suggestion that such selection imposes a global constraint on molecular evolution.

Indexed as

Bacterial ProteinsCytosolEvolution, MolecularFungal ProteinsHot TemperatureLuminescent ProteinsMolecular ChaperonesProtein DenaturationProtein FoldingProteinsProteomicsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsTranscription, GeneticBacterial ProteinsFungal ProteinsLuminescent ProteinsMolecular ChaperonesProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsURA3 protein, S cerevisiaeyellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria

Identifiers

PMID21187411
PMCPMC3021021
OpenAlexW2138309685

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.