ReviewVirulence
Pathogen-pathogen interaction: a syndemic model of complex biosocial processes in disease.
Review in Virulence. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Randomized Comparison Trial Testing Two Culturally Adapted HIV Prevention Approaches for Native Americans Reducing Trauma Symptoms Versus Substance Misuse.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- A data-driven analysis and forecasting of Leishmaniasis-COVID-19 co-infection model using ensemble Kalman filter.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Ecological Frameworks of Pathogen-Pathogen and Pathogen-Microbiome Interactions Within the Tick Holobiont.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) and problematic pornography use (PPU): A comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and expert-informed narrative review with suggested future directions.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Review
- Dengue and diabetes comorbidities: an emerging syndemic public health threat.International health · 2025Article
- Clinical prognostic value of TTV and HCMV but not EBV for outcomes in hospitalized HIV-positive patients.Biosafety and health · 2025Article
- COVID-19 as a Mirror: Reflecting the Pandemic of Racism and the Historical Roots of Health Inequities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Serious Bacterial Infections and Hepatitis C Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Syndemic or Intertwined Epidemics?Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Combined multiplex panel test results are a poor estimate of disease prevalence without adjustment for test error.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Alterations in fecal virome and bacteriome virome interplay in children with autism spectrum disorder.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Identification and Aggressiveness ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mental Health, Social Connectedness, and Fear During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Perspective from Older Women with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- COVID-19, Mental Health, and Chronic Illnesses: A Syndemic Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- The effects of antibiotics and illness on gut microbial composition in the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes).PloS one · 2023Article
- Alteration of the gut microbiota profile in children with autism spectrum disorder in China.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Challenges and perspectives in research and teaching of host pathogen interaction topics: new post-pandemic times to Brazil and other South American countries.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2023Article
- Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in the adult population in Mexico: a syndemic approach based on National Health and Nutrition Survey.BMC public health · 2022Observational
- Psychological and Emotional Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living with Chronic Disease: HIV and Cancer.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Interactions among 17 respiratory pathogens: a cross-sectional study using clinical and community surveillance data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is growing awareness of the health implications of fact that infectious agents often do not act independently; rather their disease potential is mediated in diverse and significant ways by their relationships with other pathogens. Pathogen-pathogen interaction (PPI), for example, impacts various virulence factors in human infection. Although still in its infancy, the study of PPI, a form of epidemiological synergism, is emerging as an important arena of new research and new understanding in health and clinical care. The aims of this paper are to: 1) draw attention to the role of PPI in human disease patterns; 2) present the syndemics model as a biosocial approach for examining the nature, pathways, contexts, and health implications of PPI; and 3) suggest the utility of this approach to PPI. Toward these ends, this paper (a) reviews three of case examples of alternative PPIs, (b) describes the development and key concepts and components of the syndemics model with specific reference to interacting infectious agents, (c) contextualizes this discussion with a brief review of broader syndemics disease processes (not necessarily involving infections disease), and (d) comments on the research, treatment and prevention implications of syndemic interaction among pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.