ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2011
Effect of injectable and oral contraceptives on glucose and insulin levels.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Exercise training improves mitochondrial respiration and is associated with an altered intramuscular phospholipid signature in women with obesity.Diabetologia · 2021Trial
- Fasting gut hormone levels following long-term recovery from Anorexia Nervosa: A cross-sectional study.Journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Hormonal Contraception and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease in Women with HIV.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Article
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) as an indicator for alcohol use in a psychiatrically ill population.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2024Observational
- Fasting blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index among combined oral contraceptive users in Chencha town Southern Ethiopia, 2019.Frontiers in global women's health · 2023Article
- MPA alters metabolic phenotype of endometrial cancer-associated fibroblasts from obese women via IRS2 signaling.PloS one · 2022Article
- β-cell function in black South African women: exploratory associations with insulin clearance, visceral and ectopic fat.Endocrine connections · 2021Article
- The Deterioration of the Glycemic Profile during Hormone Replacement Therapy in a Patient with Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2017Article
- Epigenome-wide DNA methylation analysis implicates neuronal and inflammatory signaling pathways in adult murine hepatic tumorigenesis following perinatal exposure to bisphenol A.Environmental and molecular mutagenesis · 2016Article
- Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Treated with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate for Endometriosis.Comparative medicine · 2016Article
- Effect of hormonal contraceptives on vitamin B12 level and the association of the latter with bone mineral density.Contraception · 2012Article
- Associations between body fat distribution, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in black and white South African women.Cardiovascular journal of AfricaArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the effect of using two methods of hormonal contraceptives (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) or an oral contraceptive pill (OCP) containing 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg desogestrel) on serum glucose and insulin levels, as well as predictors of any observed changes.
methodsFasting glucose and insulin levels were measured on 703 white, African-American, and Hispanic women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, OCPs, or nonhormonal birth control at baseline and every 6 months thereafter for 3 years. Participants also completed questionnaires containing demographic and behavioral measures every 6 months. Mixed-model regression analyses were used to estimate changes over time in glucose and insulin levels by method, along with their predictors.
resultsDepot medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not OCP, users experienced slightly greater increases in glucose and insulin as compared with nonhormonal users (P<.001). Among depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users, a small but steady increase in serum glucose levels (2 mg/dL at 6 months to 3 mg/dL at 30 months) was observed throughout the first 30 months, but it leveled off after that. In contrast, serum insulin levels showed an upward (3 units at 6 months to 4 units at 18 months) trend for the first 18 months of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use and then remained almost flat thereafter. Elevation of insulin and glucose levels was slightly more pronounced in obese and overweight depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users than those who were normal weight.
conclusionUse of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not very-low-dose OCPs containing desogestrel, can lead to slightly higher fasting glucose and insulin levels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.