ArticleAmerican journal of public health2011
Racial disparities in exposure, susceptibility, and access to health care in the US H1N1 influenza pandemic.
Article in American journal of public health, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 158 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 288 citations in OpenAlex.
- Disparities in H1N1 Vaccination Rates: a Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis to Inform COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts.Journal of general internal medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19-Related Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths : A Systematic Review.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Increasing COVID-19 Testing and Vaccination Uptake in the Take Care Texas Community-Based Randomized Trial: Adaptive Geospatial Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Observational
- Racial and ethnic disparities in access to non-COVID-19 healthcare during the pandemic in the United States.Medicine · 2026Article
- Same household, different choices: variation in health behaviors related to respiratory viruses in Illinois.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Examining Discordance in Perceptions of COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccine Safety During Pregnancy Among a Cohort of US Adults.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Disparities in emergency department outcomes by race during the 2022-2023 COVID-influenza twindemic.BMC emergency medicine · 2026Observational
- SARS-CoV-2 testing behavior in symptomatic adults in a U.S. national cohort, 2020-2023: influence of exposure risk, susceptibility and healthcare access.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Power of public health advice: Effectiveness and spillover effects of federal vaccine recommendations.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Building Trust: The Perspectives of COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts among African American Community Health Workers in HHS Region 4.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Strengthening the Capacity of Service Providers to Reduce the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on African, Caribbean, and Black Communities: Protocol for the COVID-19 African, Caribbean, and Black Providers Project 2.0 Implementation and Evaluation.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Closing the Gap in Race-based Inequities for Seasonal Influenza Hospitalizations: A Modeling Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Why population heterogeneity matters for modelling infectious diseases.Interface focus · 2025Article
- Barriers to initial COVID-19 booster among US adults who completed a primary vaccine series in the CHASING COVID cohort, September 2021-October 2022.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Convergence and diversity: how collective risk perception shapes public compliance behaviour - a case study of China's Covid-19 response.Health research policy and systems · 2025Article
- Natural and Designed Cyclic Peptides as Potential Antiviral Drugs to Combat Future Coronavirus Outbreaks.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Factors Impacting COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Confidence Among Immigrant and Refugee Populations in Canada.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- The integration of health equity into policy to reduce disparities: Lessons from California during the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2025Article
- Persistence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their impact on the COVID-19 vaccine uptake.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe conducted the first empirical examination of disparities in H1N1 exposure, susceptibility to H1N1 complications, and access to health care during the H1N1 influenza pandemic.
methodsWe conducted a nationally representative survey among a sample drawn from more than 60,000 US households. We analyzed responses from 1479 adults, including significant numbers of Blacks and Hispanics. The survey asked respondents about their ability to impose social distance in response to public health recommendations, their chronic health conditions, and their access to health care.
resultsRisk of exposure to H1N1 was significantly related to race and ethnicity. Spanish-speaking Hispanics were at greatest risk of exposure but were less susceptible to complications from H1N1. Disparities in access to health care remained significant for Spanish-speaking Hispanics after controlling for other demographic factors. We used measures based on prevalence of chronic conditions to determine that Blacks were the most susceptible to complications from H1N1.
conclusionsWe found significant race/ethnicity-related disparities in potential risk from H1N1 flu. Disparities in the risks of exposure, susceptibility (particularly to severe disease), and access to health care may interact to exacerbate existing health inequalities and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in these populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.