ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2011
Altered immunoglobulin profiles in children with Tourette syndrome.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing the Metabolic Profile of Patients Affected by Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome PANS and Tourette Syndrome: Preliminary Data.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Immunological characterization of an Italian PANDAS cohort.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Searching for host immune-microbiome mechanisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative literature review and future directions.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- Immunological Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
- Autoantibody Biomarkers for Basal Ganglia Encephalitis in Sydenham Chorea and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated With Streptococcal Infections.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Inflammation in Tic Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Are PANS and PANDAS a Path Forward?Journal of child neurology · 2019Review
- Immunoglobulin A Dysgammaglobulinemia Is Associated with Pediatric-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2019Article
- Lipopolysaccharide aggravated DOI-induced Tourette syndrome: elaboration for recurrence of Tourette syndrome.Metabolic brain disease · 2017Article
- Transcriptome Analysis of the Human Striatum in Tourette Syndrome.Biological psychiatry · 2016Article
- Pediatric Autoimmune Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections and Tourette's Syndrome in Preclinical Studies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2016Review
- Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): recommendations from the 2013 PANS Consensus Conference.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2015Article
- Animal models of tic disorders: a translational perspective.Journal of neuroscience methods · 2014Review
- The implication of neuroactive steroids in Tourette's syndrome pathogenesis: A role for 5α-reductase?Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2013Review
- Immune-mediated animal models of Tourette syndrome.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2013Review
- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): An Evolving Concept.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2013Article
- Involvement of immunologic and biochemical mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2012Article
- The Relationship between Tourette's Syndrome and Infections.The open neurology journal · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPost-infectious autoimmunity and immune deficiency have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS). We asked here whether B cell immunity of patients with TS differs from healthy subjects.
methodsIn two independent cross-sectional samples, we compared serum levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA, and IgE in 21 patients with TS from Yale University (17 males, 4 females, 8-16 years) versus 21 healthy controls (13 males, 8 females, 7-17 years); and in 53 patients with TS from Groningen University (45 males, 8 females, 6-18 years) versus 53 healthy controls (22 males, 31 females, 6-18 years), respectively. We also investigated correlations between Ig concentrations and symptom severity. In 13 additional patients (9 males, 4 females, age range 9-14), we established Ig profiles at time points before, during, and after symptom exacerbations.
resultsIgG3 levels were significantly lower in Yale patients compared to healthy children (medians 0.28 versus 0.49 mg/ml, p=.04), while levels of IgG2, IgG4, and IgM in patients were lower at trend-level significance (p≤.10). Decreased IgG3 (medians 0.45 versus 0.52 mg/ml; p=.05) and IgM (medians 0.30 versus 0.38 mg/ml; p=.04) levels were replicated in the Groningen patients. Ig levels did not correlate with symptom severity. There was a trend-level elevation of IgG1 during symptom exacerbations (p=.09).
conclusionThese pilot data indicate that at least some patients with TS have decreased serum IgG3, and possibly also IgM levels, though only few subjects had fully expressed Ig immunodeficiency. Whether these changes are related to TS pathogenesis needs to be investigated.
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