ReviewClinical genetics2011
Nature and nurture: the complex genetics of myopia and refractive error.
Review in Clinical genetics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 328 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proteome-wide Mendelian randomisation identifies causal links between blood proteins and myopia.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- SNTB1 gene polymorphisms and risk of high myopia: meta-analysis and single-center validation.Molecular vision · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and time trends of refractive error in Chinese children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- Association of 5p15.2 and 15q14 with high myopia in Tujia and Miao Chinese populations.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- A Review of Current Concepts of the Etiology and Treatment of Myopia.Eye & contact lens · 2018Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of gene-environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error.Nature communications · 2016Pooled it
- Education influences the association between genetic variants and refractive error: a meta-analysis of five Singapore studies.Human molecular genetics · 2014Pooled it
- Genome-wide meta-analysis of myopia and hyperopia provides evidence for replication of 11 loci.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- Common mechanisms underlying refractive error identified in functional analysis of gene lists from genome-wide association study results in 2 European British cohorts.JAMA ophthalmology · 2014Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in five cohorts reveals common variants in RBFOX1, a regulator of tissue-specific splicing, associated with refractive error.Human molecular genetics · 2013Pooled it
- Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia.Nature genetics · 2013Pooled it
- Highland environment and genetic background are associated with myopia risk in Tibetans and Hans.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- The choroidal macrophage polarization significantly influences myopia development in murine models.iScience · 2026Article
- Genetic Association Study Between Refractive Error-Related Genes and High Myopia in the Chinese Han Population.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Changing Epidemiology of Refractive Disorders in the Western Pacific Region, 1990-2023: Evidence From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Spatial altitude factors on the association with myopia: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical features of early-onset high myopia in Chinese children: attention to comorbidities.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Association of inflammatory susceptibility genes with myopia in Chinese children.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Accommodative Behavior Under Prolonged Viewing of Electronic Devices in Young Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Myopia: a review of current concepts, association with nonophthalmological conditions, and treatment strategy in children and adolescents.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The refractive errors, myopia and hyperopia, are optical defects of the visual system that can cause blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive errors are the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people will be affected by myopia alone within the next decade. Experimental, epidemiological and clinical research has shown that refractive development is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Animal models have showed that eye growth and refractive maturation during infancy are tightly regulated by visually guided mechanisms. Observational data in human populations provide compelling evidence that environmental influences and individual behavioral factors play crucial roles in myopia susceptibility. Nevertheless, the majority of the variance of refractive error within populations is thought to be because of hereditary factors. Genetic linkage studies have mapped two dozen loci, while association studies have implicated more than 25 different genes in refractive variation. Many of these genes are involved in common biological pathways known to mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and regulate connective tissue remodeling. Other associated genomic regions suggest novel mechanisms in the etiology of human myopia, such as mitochondrial-mediated cell death or photoreceptor-mediated visual signal transmission. Taken together, observational and experimental studies have revealed the complex nature of human refractive variation, which likely involves variants in several genes and functional pathways. Multiway interactions between genes and/or environmental factors may also be important in determining individual risks of myopia, and may help explain the complex pattern of refractive error in human populations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.