ReviewThe Indian journal of medical research2010
Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug.
Review in The Indian journal of medical research, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Preventing Postoperative Scars and Improving Scar Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2021Pooled it
- Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxin for Autonomic Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Review.Toxins · 2021Pooled it
- Botulinum Toxin A Myths, Evidence, and Global Media Narratives.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Botulinum neurotoxin: from molecular pathogenesis to emerging countermeasures.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2026Review
- Advancements and Applications of Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs): A Comprehensive Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Mast cell activators as adjuvants for intranasal mucosal vaccines.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2024: An Analysis of the FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Iatrogenic Blepharoptosis: Multimodal Management and Treatment Technique With Botulinum Toxin Type A.Dermatology research and practice · 2025Review
- Development of Effective Medical Countermeasures Against the Main Biowarfare Agents: The Importance of Antibodies.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Exploring New and Potential Indications for Botulinum Toxin Treatment: An Updated Literature Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Bruxism and Botulinum Injection: Challenges and Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Physical Treatments to ControlFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A Thermostable Dissolving Microneedle Vaccine with Recombinant Protein of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A.Toxins · 2022Article
- How Does Botulinum Toxin Inhibit Itch?Toxins · 2022Review
- Crystal Structures of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Complex Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Food Detoxification.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Recent Trends in Protective Textiles against Biological Threats: A Focus on Biological Warfare Agents.Polymers · 2022Review
- The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- Botulinum toxin-induced blepharoptosis: Anatomy, etiology, prevention, and therapeutic options.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2021Review
- Botulinum toxin as an ultrasensitive reporter for bacterial and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid diagnostics.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins, causative agents of botulism in humans, are produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic spore-former Gram positive bacillus. Botulinum neurotoxin poses a major bioweapon threat because of its extreme potency and lethality; its ease of production, transport, and misuse; and the need for prolonged intensive care among affected persons. A single gram of crystalline toxin, evenly dispersed and inhaled, can kill more than one million people. The basis of the phenomenal potency of botulinum toxin is enzymatic; the toxin is a zinc proteinase that cleaves neuronal vesicle associated proteins responsible for acetylcholine release into the neuromuscular junction. As a military or terrorist weapon, botulinum toxin could be disseminated via aerosol or by contamination of water or food supplies, causing widespread casualties. A fascinating aspect of botulinum toxin research in recent years has been development of the most potent toxin into a molecule of significant therapeutic utility . It is the first biological toxin which is licensed for treatment of human diseases. In the late 1980s, Canada approved use of the toxin to treat strabismus, in 2001 in the removal of facial wrinkles and in 2002, the FDA in the United States followed suit. The present review focuses on both warfare potential and medical uses of botulinum neurotoxin.
Indexed as
Identifiers
21149997PMC3028942What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.