SynthesisBMC ophthalmology2010
Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC ophthalmology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 383 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
383 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 821 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physical activity and the risk of cataract and age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Imaging and functional correlates of fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Iran and its projections through 2050: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- HTRA1 rs11200638 variant and AMD risk from a comprehensive analysis about 15,316 subjects.BMC medical genetics · 2020Pooled it
- Complement family member CFI polymorphisms and AMD susceptibility from a comprehensive analysis.Bioscience reports · 2020Pooled it
- Cataract Surgery and the Risk of Developing Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Report Number 27.Ophthalmology · 2022Trial
- Dietary Nutrient Intake and Progression to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2.Ophthalmology · 2021Trial
- From Retina to Vasculature: Oxidative Stress as a Common Mechanistic Link Between Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Cardiovascular Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Association of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome with blinding eye diseases: insights from a UK Biobank cohort analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- What Should Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration Eat?American journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Non neovascular Age - related macular degeneration - Review on clinical and imaging advances.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Blood DNA methylation at AMD candidate loci in discordant monozygotic twins.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sparse-Observation Multi-Horizon Glaucoma Progression Forecasting with Biologically Constrained Temporal Consistency: A Glaucoma Case Study.Research square · 2026Article
- An siRNA targetingMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Adipocytes influence choroidal neovascularization via PRDM16.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Frequency and comorbidities of age-related macular degeneration in KSA: A retrospective multiregional study.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical course of non-exudative macular neovascularisations in sustained unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Preliminary Observations of Bilateral Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: A Real-World Retrospective Case Series.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Metabolic and Genetic Alterations in Early and Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Inosine, Amino Acids, andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
323 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in Western countries. Numerous risk factors have been reported but the evidence and strength of association is variable. We aimed to identify those risk factors with strong levels of evidence which could be easily assessed by physicians or ophthalmologists to implement preventive interventions or address current behaviours.
methodsA systematic review identified 18 prospective and cross-sectional studies and 6 case control studies involving 113,780 persons with 17,236 cases of late AMD that included an estimate of the association between late AMD and at least one of 16 pre-selected risk factors. Fixed-effects meta-analyses were conducted for each factor to combine odds ratio (OR) and/or relative risk (RR) outcomes across studies by study design. Overall raw point estimates of each risk factor and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
resultsIncreasing age, current cigarette smoking, previous cataract surgery, and a family history of AMD showed strong and consistent associations with late AMD. Risk factors with moderate and consistent associations were higher body mass index, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and higher plasma fibrinogen. Risk factors with weaker and inconsistent associations were gender, ethnicity, diabetes, iris colour, history of cerebrovascular disease, and serum total and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
conclusionsSmoking, previous cataract surgery and a family history of AMD are consistent risk factors for AMD. Cardiovascular risk factors are also associated with AMD. Knowledge of these risk factors that may be easily assessed by physicians and general ophthalmologists may assist in identification and appropriate referral of persons at risk of AMD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.