ReviewPharmacoEconomics2011
Effects of reference pricing in pharmaceutical markets: a review.
Review in PharmacoEconomics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Implementation of medicines pricing policies in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Making Advanced Therapies Affordable and Accessible: Two Strategic Approaches.Developing world bioethics · 2026Article
- Design and Features of Pricing and Payment Schemes for Health Technologies: A Scoping Review and a Proposal for a Flexible Need-Driven Classification.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Article
- Explaining why increases in generic use outpace decreases in brand name medicine use in multisource markets and the role of regulation.PloS one · 2024Article
- Exploring the effectiveness of demand-side retail pharmaceutical expenditure reforms : Cross-country evidence from weighted-average least squares estimation.International journal of health economics and management · 2023Article
- Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy and Survival Among Older Women with Early-Stage Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.Clinical drug investigation · 2023Article
- Pharmaceutical pricing dynamics in an internal reference pricing system: evidence from changing drugs' reimbursements.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2022Article
- Understanding the distributional impacts of health insurance reform: Evidence from a consumer cost-sharing program.Health economics · 2021Article
- Revisiting the Relationship Between Price Regulation and Pharmaceutical R&D Investment.Applied health economics and health policy · 2021Article
- Trends in national pharmaceutical expenditure on diabetes in Ireland 2011-2015: a repeated cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2020Article
- How robust are reference pricing studies on outpatient medical procedures? Three different preprocessing techniques applied to difference-in differences.Health economics · 2019Article
- Introduction of therapeutic reference pricing in Slovenia and its economic consequences.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2018Article
- Ontario and New Zealand Pharmaceuticals: Cost and Coverage.Healthcare policy = Politiques de sante · 2018Article
- Influence of generic reference pricing on medicine cost in Slovenia: a retrospective study.Croatian medical journal · 2018Article
- Endogenous versus exogenous generic reference pricing for pharmaceuticals.International journal of health economics and management · 2017Article
- Comparing Generic Drug Markets in Europe and the United States: Prices, Volumes, and Spending.The Milbank quarterly · 2017Article
- Cost of treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain with pregabalin or gabapentin in routine clinical practice: impact of their loss of exclusivity.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2017Observational
- The simultaneous effects of pharmaceutical policies from payers' and patients' perspectives: Italy as a case study.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This work aims to provide a systematic and updated survey of original scientific studies on the effect of the introduction of reference pricing (RP) policies in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. We searched PubMed, EconLit and Web of Knowledge for articles on RP. We reviewed studies that met the inclusion criteria established in the search strategy. From a total of 468 references, we selected the 35 that met all of the inclusion criteria. Some common themes emerged in the literature. The first was that RP was generally associated with a decrease in the prices of the drugs subject to the policy. In particular, price drops seem to have been experienced in virtually every country that implemented a generic RP (GRP) policy. A GRP policy applies only to products with expired patents and generic competition, and clusters drugs according to chemical equivalence (same form and active compound). More significant price decreases were observed in the sub-markets in which drugs were already facing generic competition prior to RP. Price drops varied widely according to the amount of generic competition and industrial strategies: brand-named drugs originally priced above RP values decreased their prices to a greater extent. A second common theme was that both therapeutic RP (TRP) and GRP have been associated with significant and consistent savings in the first years of application. A third general result is that generic market shares significantly increased whenever the firms producing brand-named drugs did not adopt one of the following strategies: lowering prices to RP values; launching new dosages and/or formulations; or marketing substitute drugs still under patent protection. Finally, concerning TRP, although more evidence is needed, studies based on a large number of patient-level observations showed no association between the RP policy and health outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.