ArticleInfection and immunity2011
Antialarmin effect of tick saliva during the transmission of Lyme disease.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Colonization of 3D-organotypic human skin by the Lyme Disease pathogen,bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Employs Several Escape Mechanisms to Bypass the Human Defense System.European journal of immunology · 2026Review
- Ticks' tricks: immunomodulatory effects of ixodid tick saliva at the cutaneous tick-host interface.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Skin microbiota secretomes modulate cutaneous innate immunity against Borrelia burgdorferi s.s.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2023Article
- Tick feeding modulates the human skin immune landscape to facilitate tick-borne pathogen transmission.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Article
- Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Virulence potential of Rickettsia amblyommatis for spotted fever pathogenesis in mice.Pathogens and disease · 2021Article
- The genus Anaplasma: drawing back the curtain on tick-pathogen interactions.Pathogens and disease · 2021Review
- The Brilliance ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Changing the Recipe: Pathogen Directed Changes in Tick Saliva Components.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases?Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Interactions Between Ticks and Lyme Disease Spirochetes.Current issues in molecular biology · 2021Article
- Tick Salivary Compounds for Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- The Use of Tick Salivary Proteins as Novel Therapeutics.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Review
- Salp15, a Multifunctional Protein From Tick Saliva With Potential Pharmaceutical Effects.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- The Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Function of RNase 7 in Skin.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Ticks and Tick-Borne Infections: Complex Ecology, Agents, and Host Interactions.Veterinary sciences · 2018Review
- Interaction of primary mast cells with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto): role in transmission and dissemination in C57BL/6 mice.Parasites & vectors · 2017Article
- Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human skin.Experimental dermatology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedSchuijt, Tim [corrected to Schuijt, Tim J]; Hovius, Joppe [corrected to Hovius, Joppe W]
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tick saliva has potent immunomodulatory properties. In arthropod-borne diseases, this effect is largely used by microorganisms to increase their pathogenicity and to evade host immune responses. We show that in Lyme borreliosis, tick salivary gland extract and a tick saliva protein, Salp15, inhibit in vitro keratinocyte inflammation induced by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto or by the major outer surface lipoprotein of Borrelia, OspC. Chemokines (interleukin-8 [IL-8] and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) and several antimicrobial peptides (defensins, cathelicidin, psoriasin, and RNase 7) were downregulated. Interestingly, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) transiently inhibited bacterial motility but did not kill the organisms when tested in vitro. We conclude that tick saliva affects the chemotactic properties of chemokines and AMPs on immune cells and has an antialarmin effect on human primary keratinocytes. Alarmins are mediators that mobilize and activate antigen-presenting cells. Inhibition of cutaneous innate immunity and of the migration of immune cells to the site of the tick bite ensures a favorable environment for Borrelia. The bacterium can then multiply locally and, subsequently, disseminate to the target organs, including joints, heart, and the central nervous system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.