Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2011
Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum.
Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Psychosocial Symptoms in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Pooled it
- Attenuation of Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine by Opioid Receptor Antagonism.The American journal of psychiatry · 2018Trial
- Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2016Trial
- Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction.Current drug abuse reviews · 2014Trial
- Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects.Psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Dose-related behavioral, subjective, endocrine, and psychophysiological effects of the κ opioid agonist Salvinorin A in humans.Biological psychiatry · 2012Trial
- Acute and post-acute behavioral and psychological effects of salvinorin A in humans.Psychopharmacology · 2012Trial
- Evaluating the evidence for repressed memory recovery in psychedelic contexts.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Opioid Receptors in Psychedelia: Indirect Serotonergic Modulation of Direct KOR Activation by Salvinorin A.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Kappa opioid receptor control of motivated behavior revisited.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- KOR agonists for the treatment and/or prevention of opioid use disorder and cocaine use disorder.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2025Review
- Addressing blinding in classic psychedelic studies with innovative active placebos.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Emerging Psychotropic Drug for the Treatment of Trigeminal Pain: Salvinorin A.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A Focused Review on Cognitive Improvement by the GenusPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- The Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review.Scientific data · 2022Article
- Intranasal Salvinorin A Improves Long-term Neurological Function via Immunomodulation in a Mouse Ischemic Stroke Model.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2022Article
- The promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2022Review
- Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- 6,5-Fused Ring, C2-Salvinorin Ester, Dual Kappa and Mu Opioid Receptor Agonists as Analgesics Devoid of Anxiogenic Effects.ChemMedChem · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a potent, selective nonnitrogenous kappa opioid agonist and the known psychoactive constituent of Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint family that has been used for centuries by Mazatec shamans of Mexico for divination and spiritual healing. S. divinorum has over the last several years gained increased popularity as a recreational drug. This is a double-blind, placebo controlled study of salvinorin A in 4 psychologically and physically healthy hallucinogen-using adults. Across sessions, participants inhaled 16 ascending doses of salvinorin A and 4 intermixed placebo doses under comfortable and supportive conditions. Doses ranged from 0.375 μg/kg to 21 μg/kg. Subject-rated drug strength was assessed every 2 min for 60 min after inhalation. Orderly time- and dose-related effects were observed. Drug strength ratings peaked at 2 min (first time point) and definite subjective effects were no longer present at approximately 20 min after inhalation. Dose-related increases were observed on questionnaire measures of mystical-type experience (Mysticism Scale) and subjective effects associated with classic serotonergic (5-HT2(A)) hallucinogens (Hallucinogen Rating Scale). Salvinorin A did not significantly increase heart rate or blood pressure. Participant narratives indicated intense experiences characterized by disruptions in vestibular and interoceptive signals (e.g., change in spatial orientation, pressure on the body) and unusual and sometimes recurring themes across sessions such as revisiting childhood memories, cartoon-like imagery, and contact with entities. Under these prepared and supportive conditions, salvinorin A occasioned a unique profile of subjective effects having similarities to classic hallucinogens, including mystical-type effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.