ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2011
Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, risk factors and management.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 348 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Immunosuppressive Therapy and Outcome of Clostridioides difficile Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Hyperimmune yolk extract with Immunoglobulin Y basic active principle as a possible adjuvant treatment in patients who need/benefit from neurorehabilitation, withJournal of medicine and life · 2022Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2017Pooled it
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012.Intensive care medicine · 2013Guideline
- Five-Day Treatment withNutrients · 2025Trial
- Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from a Phase 2 clinical trial of cadazolid and vancomycin in C. difficile infection.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2016Trial
- Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Novel Antibiotic Cadazolid in Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Trial
- Trial
- A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending oral dose study to assess the safety and tolerability of LFF571 in healthy volunteers.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2012Trial
- Trial
- Trends in Clostridioides Difficile Hospitalisations in Ireland (2009-2022).Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Impact of Gastric Acid Suppression on Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Outcomes ofJGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic challenges and treatment approaches forFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Clinical and molecular epidemiology ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hospital acquired clostridioides difficile infection in critically ill patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The association of proton pump inhibitors and inflammatory bowel disease from the perspective of gut microbiota perturbation.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Review
- The impact of the quality improvement program on Clostridioides difficile infection management: a quasi-experimental study.Intestinal research · 2025Article
- Clostridioides difficile meets the adenosine system: the art of manipulating host homeostasis.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Low Incidence ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has changed over the past decade. There has been a dramatic worldwide increase in its incidence, and new CDI populations are emerging, such as those with community-acquired infection and no previous exposure to antibiotics, children, pregnant women and patients with IBD. Diagnosis of CDI requires identification of C. difficile toxin A or B in diarrheal stool. The accuracy of current diagnostic tests remains inadequate and the optimal diagnostic testing algorithm has not been defined. The first-line agents for CDI treatment are metronidazole and vancomycin, with the latter being the preferred agent in patients with severe disease as it has significantly superior efficacy. The incidence of metronidazole treatment failures has increased, emphasizing the need to find alternative treatment options. Disease recurrence continues to occur in 20-40% of patients and its treatment remains challenging. In patients with CDI who develop fulminant colitis, early surgical consultation is essential. Intravenous immunoglobulin and tigecycline have been used in patients with severe refractory disease but delaying surgery may be associated with worse outcomes. Infection control measures are key to prevent horizontal transmission of infection. Ongoing research into effective treatment protocols and prevention is essential.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.